Concepts and Methods of Citation Writing and studying is inextricably linked to the material itself, whether it is a primary or secondary source. When we read, think and write, or put together results of experiments, we perform these actions using historical and synchronic data. You must clearly acknowledge materials that influenced your work and conclusion. When you borrow someone else's writing, make sure to disclose the source and should not summarize another person’s words as if they were your own. You must take great care to use proper citation in order to avoid plagiarism.     Citation refers to the use of parts of someone else’s work that you need in your writing. In academic papers, citation refers to “justifying one's logic by referencing theories and literature of other researchers to develop one's own theory, and/or using the exact words of a part of a sentence or rewording the contents of someone else’s paper or book to support one's own logic” (Kwak, Dong-chul. (2007). A Study on the Types of Plagiarism and Correct Citation Methods in Academic Papers. The Journal of the Korean Literature and Information Society, 41, 111.)    There are two types of citation methods: direct quotation, in which the exact words of an author are used, and indirect quotation, in which the ideas of an author are translated into the writer’s own words. Direct quotations must be placed inside double quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate that they are a direct quote fr|om the original author. The extent to which citations are used is also important. Citation styles can differ depending on terminology, concepts, or the length of the cited text. The following is a summary of the different citation methods.      DIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Enclosing a part of an author’s text within direct quotation marks (“ ”)  ·  Using a separate paragraph to insert longer quotes (block quotation)    INDIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Reinterpreting content or sentences to incorporate them within one’s own text without using direct quotation marks       Insert a part of the original text that best encapsulates the point you wish to convey while keeping the direct quote limited to the section that is most pertinent. Retain the exact words of the original text. As a rule, misspellings, typos, and other errors, not to mention the exact terminology, spellings, and punctuation should be faithfully quoted just as they appear in the original text.   If the quote is long, use a separate paragraph to insert as a block quote without the use of quotation marks. A block quote generally refers to two or more sentences that are four lines or longer. Block quotes should be offset fr|om the main text as a separate paragraph and indented further than the main text.   Indirect citation is used when the scope of the citation is too broad or when giving one's own interpretation and/or summary of the content of the original text. If you are indirectly quoting a text, the author, source, and scope of the quoted content must be clearly indicated. This helps distinguish your own thoughts fr|om those of the author of the original text.

Concepts of Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the act of copying more than three key words (subject + object + predicate) in a sentence without citing the exact source” (compiled by Sang-bok Lee, Easy Sentences, Good Writing, Sechang Media, 2003, p.9). Using vague citations that make it difficult to distinguish one’s writing fr|om another author’s, quoting a significant portion of another person’s words without quotation marks, copying the exact theory or research methodology of another person, reusing the results of past publications by the same author (research team), along with numerous other cases are considered plagiarism.    Plagiarism, which constitutes an utter lack of integrity should be avoided at all costs.  The ‘three principles of academic integrity’ set forth by Charles Lipson in Doing Honest Work In College are as follows.    1. “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”  1. “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.”   1. “When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”       College students must exercise academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.  Go through this self-evaluation to gauge your attitude thus far toward writing assignments using the following questions and examples of unethical writing in college.      ·  Where do you usually find materials for writing assignments? Do you rely solely on resources fr|om the internet to complete your assignments?   ·  Did you organize and attach a bibliography and a list of URLs you referenced to your assignment?   ·  Have you ever bought an essay or report off of an internet website for essay writing services?    ·  Have you ever copied a friend's assignment?    ·  Have you ever handed in the same assignment in multiple classes for evaluation?    ·  Have you ever been free rider in collaborative group writing assignments?    ·  Did you know that the concept of plagiarism also applies to assignments in college?       EXAMPLES OF UNETHICAL WRITING IN COLLEGE    Passing off another person’s entire work as your own or free riding  · Submitting in your own name the writings of other people or articles collected fr|om internet websites or other literature  · Submitting a part of a document that has already been published in a book or other types of documents and disguising it as if it were a complete paper in your own words · Listing your name as one of the authors on a final assignment handed in as a team project without having participated in the research process or writing of the assignment to get a free ride   Self-plagiarism and duplicate publications  · Submitting the same article to more than one place · Resubmitting articles after simply changing the composition or sentence structure · Resubmitting articles after simply altering the introduction or conclusion · Combining and submitting two or more articles as one article   Data forgery  · Writing assignments using falsified empirical data · Writing assignments by forging literature or other relevant data   Data modification  · Writing or submitting assignments using modified empirical data · Writing assignments using modified literature or other relevant data  Plagiarism and “patchwork” plagiarism  · Using someone else’s research methodology or key ideas without citing the source or using existing research or unique concepts and/or arguments without appropriate quotation marks or citation · Imitating the syntactical sentence development of another person even if different words and expressions are used, or using the same sentence structure as the original text even if a few words have been altered to change the sentence  · Using information and data (including tables, figures, slides, and computer programs) without citing the source  · Quoting without proper citation, historical, social, or natural facts that are controversial or beyond common sense · Failing to indicate the exact quote taken fr|om another person by enclosing it in quotation marks even if the source is cited · Composing text by copying and pasting to piece together different people’s work for each paragraph   If any part of your work lacks proper quotation marks and/or citation, the entire section, not to mention the plagiarized part will be plagiarized. Even if you have strictly followed citation rules for every single part of your work, piecing together other people’s work is never a desirable option in writing.  —정병기, 「대학생 글쓰기의 부정 행위와 윤리 교육 방안」, 『사고와 표현』창간호, 2008년 11월.