The basic structure of an academic journal articleAn academic journal article typically consists of a title, keywords, an abstract, an introduction, a body, and conclusions.    These parts may vary to some extent depending on the type of article or the specific requirements of a journal. A bibliography is also an essential element of a journal article. Acknowledgments are often added, along with other items that may be required by individual journals.   Title The title is the first thing that grabs the reader's attention. It must be concise and precise while effectively highlighting the theme and purpose of the paper. A good title will include keywords fr|om the thesis, while abbreviations and symbols are to be avoided. A subtitle is customarily added in social science journals. Some journals require a running title to be submitted.   Keywords Keywords are a core element of a research article. They are crucial for classifying the article. Typically, journals require the author(s) to include three to seven keywords. These keywords help readers find the articles they are looking for.   Abstract The abstract is a summary of the major points of the research. Abstracts should be carefully written because most readers read them first to get a sense of what the research is about and what new findings it contains. An abstract should describe the purpose, methodology and findings of the research.   Introduction The introduction presents the research questions, their relevance, and sets the stage for the points and arguments that are developed in the body. It may include the purpose and significance of the research along with a brief account of key references.   Body The body explores key arguments, presents supportive evidence, and explains the significance of the findings. It is structured as a series of paragraphs, with each paragraph addressing a single idea. The paragraphs must be well connected with one another. The body covers methodology, research findings, and discussions, presented in formats that may vary across academic disciplines and journals.   Conclusion The conclusion recaps research findings and their interpretations. It summarizes key elements of the introduction and the body with added comments about the study's academic contributions.   Others It summarizes key elements of the introduction and the body with added comments about the study's academic contributions. Additionally, depending on a journal's requirements, the section may include a competing interests statement, an ethics approval statement, a profile of the author(s) including their names, affiliations, and an account of each author's contribution.  

Cover Letter 101: Everything You Need to KnowThe importance of self-publicity (making your name and merits known to the world) is increasing day by day.  Some even say that we now live in a so-called “attention economy” - a new qualitative state - where people’s lives critically depend on the attention of others. In order to stand out fr|om the crowd, you need to demonstrate your own unique “values” that differentiate you fr|om others.    In an industrial society of the past, a cover letter was considered nothing more than a formality. However, in today’s information society, a cover letter has become indispensable, particularly as a means of self-expression for job seekers.  In today’s information age, companies look for good communicators who can create knowledge. That is why companies are frequently recruiting with a focus on people with experience.   Companies determine whether an applicant possesses the talents and values aligned with the company's needs as well as the passion and knowledge required for a particular position all through a cover letter. Therefore, a cover letter must be strategically written and well-thought-out fr|om the company’s point of view.   Your cover letter must highlight your experience and strengths.  Access the company’s official website and get to know the company before you start writing your cover letter and make sure to incorporate that knowledge into your cover letter. If you can demonstrate how the company’s vision aligns with your personal goals, that’s the icing on the cake. You can also make a good impression by suggesting your own ideas on how to improve the company’s management strategies.   Above all, you need to convince yourself.  Always keep in mind that “if you fail to convince yourself, you will never be able to convince others”. Your passion and aspirations must be genuine to be able to conduct a strong self-evaluation which will form the basis for creating strategies and tactics that can make your comparative advantages stand out.     Don’t make the mistake of thinking that the hiring manager or recruiters have a lot of time on their hands.  HR managers don't have time to pore through the countless cover letters. Don’t expect that they will have time to read your entire cover letter. Therefore, your first sentence must capture the attention of the reader. An unoriginal cover letter will get you nowhere. For example, a cliché opening such as "Born to loving parents as the eldest of two boys and one girl" is bound to make a bad impression.    *Source: Translated fr|om 한양대학교 교양국어교육위원회, 『글이 삶이다』, 한양대학교 출판부, 2017, 221~222쪽.

We currently offer all video tutoring via a zoom meeting only.   For those of you who sign up for the video tutoring, please click on the following link of your tutor to join the zoom meeting.   Please make sure to join the meeting on time as scheduled. If you have access to the meeting earlier than expected, you may interrupt a tutor with another student in the middle of their meeting. If you want to change the time or cancel the meeting, please contact us at 02-2220-2874 or gradwc@hanyang.ac.kr   ㆍ Eun Sil Lee (이은실):   https://us02web.zoom.us/j/2401105080 ㆍ Jieun Jeon (전지은):   https://us02web.zoom.us/j/5870514647 ㆍ Si Yoon Sung(성시윤):   https://us02web.zoom.us/j/9995699539   ※ HOW to check your registration status and a tutor’s feedback GO to https://hylu-s.hanyang.ac.kr and SIGN in with your portal ID & PW → CLICK on “마이포트폴리오” on top → “상담참여내역”     

Creating a student accounta web-based plagiarism detection program that helps a user to check a paper's originality and to prevent plagiarism-related problems.     Turnitin has outstanding features as follows:  ㆍHuge database for comparison: Major newspapers, magazines & scholar journals, academic publisher (Sage, Emerald, Gale, etc.), Internet websites ㆍAbove all things, it can be the best used to detect texts written in English language  Site URL:   Korean: https://kr.turnitin.com/    English: www.turnitin.com      HOW to Create a Student Account    ONE : Go to https://www.turnitin.com/newuser_type.asp?r=19.1651996441692&svr=6&session-id=&lang=en_us&  TWO : Click on ‘Student’ at the top of the options  THREE: Enter Class ID and Class enrollment key (shown in the blue box below)   FOUR: Enter User’s information    - Your Name (enter your student ID right behind First name) ex) Kim Hanyang(11111111)    - Email address (It will work as your login ID) : Highly recommend usingHanyang email    - Password: must be a minimum 6-12 characters long, and contain at least one letter and one number (for added security)    - Secret question: Needed in case you forget your password  FIVE: Click on "I am not a Robot" and "I Agree"             ◆ Class ID :  34556362          ◆ Class Enrollment Key :  hanyang2022  *NOTE: One account per person. If you create more than one account, the similarity rate may be high.

Types and Features of Academic Writing Academic writing is widely used for academic purposes at universities, graduate schools, and other research institutes dedicated to academic research, and is a form of writing used to communicate knowledge and research results, and make research proposals. There is a conventional formality to the content, structure, and form that has been established over time in academia. Since academic writing is intended for academic discourse on various topics encompassing ideas, knowledge, research content and results, and research direction, it should be concise and free fr|om preconceived notions.     Types of Academic Writing Academic essays and theses/dissertations written at universities and research institutes, and journal articles, books, reports, and book chapters intended for publication are typical examples of academic writing. Meanwhile, research proposals, conference abstracts/posters/papers, literature reviews, and seminar papers also fall under the category of academic writing.     Structure of Academic Writing Academic writing employs a robust structure aimed at effectively communicating academic content. In general, the structure is comprised of an introduction that outlines the academic purpose, a main body containing the method, content and results of academic research activities, and a conclusion describing the academic findings derived fr|om such research activities. Depending on the genre, a more detailed format may be used. The following are the two types that are most commonly used.   1. Introduction - Body - Conclusion ㆍThis would be an article that provides background information on a particular area of academic interest and presents relevant evidence that supports the author’s opinion. ㆍSuch an article would have a clear and concise introduction of the topic, a body listing in logical order the supporting evidence, and a conclusion that explains the importance and significance of the topic by summarizing the introduction and main body. ㆍThe main body may consist of several chapters that each deal with sub-topics. ㆍIn general, academic essays, reports, book chapters, literature reviews, and seminar papers use this structure. This is also the broader framework used for theses/dissertations in humanities and social sciences focusing on theoretical research.     2. Introduction - Materials and Methods - Results - Discussion ㆍThis would be an article that sets forth academic hypotheses or questions, tests them to gather supporting evidence, and presents answers. ㆍSuch an article would consist of an introduction that lays out not only known facts, but also the hypotheses and/or questions, materials and methods used to test them, results including procedures and data analysis, and discussions. ㆍThis is an academic writing structure widely used for research articles that test hypotheses using experiments to find direct answers to research questions. This structure is widely used for experiment papers in natural sciences and engineering, and is also applied in other disciplines such as humanities and social sciences and arts and sports when proving hypotheses and/or answering academic questions using experiments.     Key Features of Academic Writing Formality ㆍThe formality of academic writing allows the overall content to be delivered in a uniform manner, which provides an equal platform for the research to be compared and evaluated with other studies. ㆍUse a formal register instead of a colloquial one. In other words, refrain fr|om using colloquial expressions such as abbreviations, implicatures, or metaphors, and make sure to choose words and collocations suitable for academic writing. ㆍStay away fr|om conversational tones, vulgarities, old and outdated expressions, and clichés.   Clarity ㆍMake sure to use precise words to make sure there is no ambiguity so that the author’s intent can be conveyed without any room for misunderstandings or misinterpretations. ㆍAvoid using ambiguous expressions such as “probably” and “maybe” as they weaken the author's point and obstruct the credibility of the entire article. ㆍUse jargons or technical terms commonly used in academic circles only when they amplify the clarity of sentences and the article as a whole. Most importantly, make sure to provide an academic definition for words that can have different meanings in different fields. ㆍAvoid long and complex sentences and keep them short and concise.   Objectivity ㆍAcademic writing should have a clear purpose and thus place distinct emphasis on factual information and issues. ㆍWrite objectively and persuasively drawing on supporting evidence, but refrain fr|om including personal feelings or opinions. Furthermore, avoid appealing to emotions or making exaggerated claims.   Accuracy ㆍEverything ranging fr|om the academic content to grammar, spelling, and citations must be accurate. ㆍDouble check your data. Incorrect numbers can undermine the credibility of the article. ㆍProvide precise definitions for any abbreviations used. ㆍWhen writing in English, pay attention to capitalization, tense, and punctuation marks.   Consistency ㆍThe language and tone used in academic writing should be consistent. ㆍOnce keywords are established, use them consistently throughout the article without alterations. ㆍBe consistent in the use of abbreviations and numeric format.   Impartiality ㆍThe purpose of academic writing is to convey academic content in its true form without bias. Arguments should incorporate a wide range of evidence, but steer clear of any stereotypes. Even if a hypothesis is widely accepted in the academic field, any assertions should be supported by direct evidence. ㆍIt’s critical that the author’s findings are fairly and accurately distinguished fr|om others’ research and explained as such. ㆍFurthermore, it’s important to establish credibility in research findings by clearly spelling out the research methods and being frank about their limitations.   Critical Assessment ㆍAcademic writing requires critical analysis that goes beyond simple descriptions. This means you shouldn’t blindly accept as facts research findings and cited sources. You must analyze and assess the credibility and justifiability of the information and make a responsible decision as a scholar. ㆍCritical writing begins with critical thinking, which requires an attitude of reading and analyzing a wealth of information aimed at acquiring an in-depth understanding of the subject in question.   Citations ㆍCite references that helped form the basis of your argument. Make sure to cite sources of all texts, photos, and any other form of media illustrated and analyzed as supporting evidence. ㆍUse reliable data provided by sources appropriate for academic writing. Typical examples are academic journals, articles, and reports.  ㆍCitation is essential to logically support an author’s claim and is an act of acknowledging the academic achievements of others.     Requirements for Successful Academic Writing If you are new to academic writing, you may feel at a loss as to how to approach academic writing while achieving the level of professionalism and proficiency required. The basics of successful writing is “reading”. In order to master academic writing, you should read as many articles as you can on your topic of academic interest. Obtaining airtight research findings is also the key to logical and powerful writing. In the process of writing, get feedback fr|om non-professionals (friends and family) and make revisions accordingly to improve your writing. Above all, enthusiasm and passion should drive research and an open and honest attitude about the results of such research will go a long way in successful academic writing.   

How-Tos of Academic Writing One of the purposes of academic reports is to impart knowledge. Today there is a growing demand for professional essays such as scientific essays, music essays, and literary essays. As the general public's interest in specialized fields has increased, making disciplines easy to understand and approachable has become animportant consideration. No academic discipline finds value in isolating itself fr|om society. That is why you always have to think about ‘how’ you can impart ‘expert knowledge’ in an ‘accurate and comprehensible’ way.      Interpret and analyze the world as an extension of your life The first thing to do is decide on a topic. Where do you find a topic? One of the best ways to maximize the originality of your topic is to draw on your own experiences. This will help you gain an objective perspective of yourself by removing yourself fr|om and analyzing personal issues fr|om a social perspective. This in turn will help you become aware of your social self and maintain a balanced view of society and your neighbors.     Explain the 'concept' objectively and accurately Since academic writings convey expert knowledge, it often requires the use ofdifficult and technical terms or concepts. One important principle you need to follow is making sure that these terms and concepts are accurately defined and interpreted. Misrepresentation of a concept will inevitably hinder the consistency and coherence in the overall argument. Accurately developing a concept first and foremost refers to providing an easy interpretation in accordance with its dictionary meaning. Meanwhile, this can also entail producing new meanings that the dictionary meaning fails to capture by reinterpreting existing interpretations through a critical lens.     Draw on social phenomena Academic writing, like any other type of writing, is about adding your voice to public discourse. In this sense, social phenomena are great sources to draw on when looking for topics to write about. However, when writing about real-world problems it’s important to remember to keep your readers on their toes by logically developing your argument and tying that in with real world issues. In other words, you need to be logical, critical, and realistic at the same time.

Planning and ConceptualizationChoosing a Research Topic   The topic should be in a field of personal interest to you to ensure that you maintain interest by staying updated on developments in the field.   ㆍWill your study yield results conducive to resolving real-life issues? ㆍDoes your inquiry concern new developments or issues in the area of your interest?ㆍAre your questions new and unexplored in previous research?ㆍOr does your study expand on or clarify the results of prior research?ㆍIs your chosen topic feasible within the given time frame and your capabilities for completion? Developing a Thesis Topic by Asking Questions   Finding a researchable topic by asking "Why?" Writing a thesis begins with exploring issues, which can encompass current events in the news, debatable topics, or questions worth investigating. The key here is that the chosen issue should be worth pursuing. Once you have found an issue with the potential to develop into a unique research topic, the remainder of your thesis-writing journey should be guided by repeatedly asking yourself 'Why?' and seeking answers to these questions. This can be facilitated by forming a habit of being inquisitive about the world around you. Arnold Hauser is known for having linked dialectics to football in an anecdote that occasionally is mentioned in football news articles. He gained insights fr|om a remark by one of his colleagues who watched the game together, who wondered why a team's performance always seemed to be shaped by and in response to that of the other team. What enabled Hauser to find the connection was the fact that he always had these issues in his thoughts. Coincidence and inspiration are the manifestations and products of persistent introspection and reflection. Any writing informed by the practice of exploring questions and seeking answers is bound to be creative and original.   Setting the subject of your thesis Finding an issue is the first step in writing a thesis. The next step is refining it into a specific topic. Frequently, topics when first introduced, tend to be too broad and abstract, requiring to be specified and concretized. A topic is the central issue or question you wish to explore in your thesis. It is also referred to as a 'subject' or 'theme.' A topic is what you want to focus on, analyze, interpret, and test in your thesis. The more limited the scope of a topic, the better. When a topic is broad, it requires excessively extensive research and risks making your thesis too complicated in its development and organization.   Developing your topic by going through a list of questions The renowned Korean novelist, Kim Young-ha, once said that his writing project ends when he has exhausted all the questions he has posed about the story. In other words, his novel becomes a final product when all the questions he has raised fr|om the beginning throughout the writing process have been explored and answered. This process of asking questions and seeking answers isn't exclusive to novels. In fact, all forms of writing are a cognitive game – one of constantly posing questions to yourself and answering them. Always keep in mind that when you want to discuss an issue you find intriguing, you have to refine it by focusing on specific questions worth exploring.   Finding your thesis perspective Once you have chosen your topic, the next step is determining the perspective fr|om which you want to develop it. Writing is not merely a string of words. The words are the physical manifestation of your reasoning. They should convey concrete arguments. The thesis perspective is the focus of your thesis, anchoring those arguments. Developing a strong thesis perspective benefits fr|om articulating the main point you want to make in your thesis with a concise sentence known as a 'thesis statement'. When your writing is anchored by a clear thesis statement, it effectively brings out the perspective you aim to convey about your issue. Writing that merely strings together information lacks vividness, as it lacks a clear thesis perspective. This distinction is what sets apart a good writer fr|om merely an editor. You don't want your writing to be a haphazard collection of scene cuts. A robust thesis perspective is what infuses vitality into your writing. The key here is that your thesis perspective should be as unique and original as your topic. The typical process of writing a thesis begins with a critical reading of relevant literature. You analyze existing essays or research papers to identify their main points, interpret them fr|om your point of view, and incorporate them into shaping your thesis perspective. This entire process hinges on your ability to identify the main points of argument in the literature you read.   Analyzing argument points in the literature Laying out your arguments is just a part of writing a thesis. Developing your logical arguments must be informed by the insights you gain fr|om reading up on others' writing. In most cases, your writing will be based on what you have read, seen, and heard fr|om external sources, whether it be a piece of writing or a video. The ability to distill central perspectives fr|om these materials can be nurtured by practicing summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting skills.   Developing your thesis perspective Analyzing existing texts for their individual argument points is aimed at gaining an accurate understanding of the key points each text producer (a scholar, an artist, etc.) intends to convey to their readers. Eventually, it will lay the groundwork for organizing your thoughts and developing your thesis perspective.      Information is Produced fr|om Noise   A willingness to delve into noise filled with unresolved and contestable information is key to identifying a good research topic. ㆍNoise is information that provokes feelings of dissociation, offensiveness, doubt, and discomfort. ㆍSome noise can be refined into unique information.ㆍNoise is not produced in an environment where everything is taken for granted without any questions asked about it.ㆍA good researcher relishes being in an environment of cognitive dissonance.    Data Research and Literature Review   The literature is a body of knowledge containing the questions and answers that have already been explored by others. A literature review is an indispensable stage in thesis writing. It enables you to find out how much research has been done on the issue of your interest and determine the gaps your research can fill in.Changes are that many of the questions you have regarding your issue have already been answered by others. Ascertaining this is critical for steering your research to questions yet unexplored.  Primary sources of reference: These are the materials that you will rely primarily on for reference. Secondary sources of reference: These are the materials that you will use only to complement your primary sources. A researcher should have a clear understanding of how to distinguish between primary and secondary sources of reference and when to use them.   ㆍSummaries of primary source texts are considered secondary sources, regardless of how detailed the summary may be. ㆍTranslated texts cannot be primary sources.ㆍAnthologies are not primary sources in their entirety.ㆍA researcher should make every effort possible to access and read primary sources of reference.    Quantitative vs. Qualitative  A quantitative study seeks to describe the phenomenon in question in numerical terms or verify theories by testing hypotheses. The more data is analyzed, the better results can be expected, particularly when your study involves many variables.   A qualitative study aims to analyze an issue in depth for new insights. In qualitative inquiries choosing the right topic to delve into is particularly vital, and your path of analysis and explanation should be persuasive.   Points to keep in mind for an effective literature review Covering a lot of ground doesn't lead to a good literature review. The following tips will make your literature review fruitful and help you zero in on previous studies most valuable for your current inquiry. ㆍFocus on literature current and relevant to your topic. ㆍStudies done outside your area of concentration can be helpful, too.ㆍStudies published in foreign languages can be valuable if accessible.ㆍThe simpler your research question, the more extensive the scope of previous research to be considered is likely to be.ㆍApproach your literature review fr|om multiple angles.ㆍKeep an open mind about the literature you select to review.ㆍBe critical in reviewing previous studies. Their results are just information, not truths. 

Top 10 Tips for Academic Writing Let's take a look at the basics to honing academic writing skills, and some “dos and don'ts”.   1.    Become an avid reader. Reading is fundamental to writing. Studying articles in your field of research is a prerequisite for academic writing. The deeper your wealth of academic knowledge, the stronger your foundation for writing. To improve reading comprehension skills, set aside 30 minutes everyday to get used to reading long texts in one sitting. Reading various articles written by prolific writers fr|om other academic fields as well as your own will contribute significantly to improving academic writing skills.   2.    Master new words and useful expressions. When you come across a new word, immediately look it up in the dictionary, study the definition, look up examples of sentences using the word, and check how the word is properly used.  Also make sure to study their collocations and use of idioms.   3.    Use formal register. Avoid colloquial language and use polite language. Do not use adjectives that express personal feelings or emotions (e.g. do not use words such as ‘pretty’, ‘beautiful’, ‘wonderful’, etc.).   4.    Use short and concise sentences. First and foremost, use short sentences as much as possible to convey clear meaning. Long sentences found in academic writing are mostly comprised of short sentences that are connected and well-organized to form one long one. Avoid beginning with long-winded sentences.   5.    Avoid repetition. Do not repeat the same words or list synonyms. However, keywords should be used repeatedly without variation across sentences.   6.    Predominantly use the active voice. The active voice is recommended for academic writing aimed at clear communication because it is a more direct, concise, and powerful way of conveying your message compared to the passive voice. Use the passive voice sparingly only when the result is more effective because 1) the subject is unclear, 2) the reader is clearly aware of the subject, or 3) the object is more important than the subject.   7.    Do not use the second person (i.e. ‘you’). Since the second person is imperative, it is impermissible in academic writing that draws on objective facts. Use the first person when the subject of the action is the author, and the third person when referring to the object of the action.   8.    Pay attention to punctuation marks. Proper use of punctuation marks will help in accurately conveying the meaning of a sentence. Familiarize yourself with the use of periods (.), question marks (?), exclamation points (!), commas (,), colons (:), and semicolons (;).   9.    Use paragraphs to your advantage. Use paragraphs to help develop your writing with a logical flow across the main body. A single paragraph should cover a single idea and the first sentence of a paragraph should clearly state the paragraph’s main idea.   10.  Use the correct verb tense. Immutable facts are expressed in the present tense and the author’s actions are described using the past tense. Take great care to use the correct tense with auxiliary verbs as that will distinguish between facts and presumptions/assumptions.    

Types of Journal ArticlesA journal is a periodical publication in which research papers related to a particular academic discipline are published.  Scholars publish journal articles to showcase their research, get evaluations fr|om academic circles, and facilitate further discourse on the topic. As a platform for scholars to share and exchange knowledge, academic journals are treasure troves of in-depth knowledge ranging fr|om science to arts. Meticulous planning and writing can feel overwhelming when writing a journal article for the first time. However, this is a painful but rewarding process of training that everyone goes through as a scholar and in the end, the results of all your hard work are permanently recorded under your name.   Research articles, review articles, and commentary articles are the most common types of journal articles you will encounter.   Research Article A research article sets forth hypotheses and questions directly derived fr|om those hypotheses, describes the process of testing and finding answers to the research questions, and details research findings. Research articles are mainly published in scientific disciplines. They walk the reader through the author’s process of testing hypotheses and finding answers to research questions. The materials, tools, and methods employed in the study should be explained in detail. A research article chronicles research results and new findings, and discusses the implications thereof.   Review Articles Review articles describe various papers published in academic journals, and provide updates on recent developments and future prospects related to the particular academic discipline and topic. While review articles discuss recent developments and discoveries made by different scholars researching the subject, they also deal with controversies that have emerged, fields and topics that have yet to be studied, and new ideas.   Commentary Articles A commentary article is an article that expresses a personal opinion or point of view about a research paper written on a particular topic. Although journals that publish research articles reporting major findings rarely designate and commission authors with expertise, commentaries on recently published articles dealing with topics that may be of interest to multiple scholars are sometimes published in other academic journals.     Note Various academic journals fr|om different fields publish journal articles on a regular basis. Some academic journals publish research articles, review articles, and commentary articles, while some are dedicated only to review articles. Each journal publishes articles with different depths and ranges of research. In most cases, the required number of words, figures and tables, and references are determined according to the type of the article. In addition, each journal designates a specific bibliography format. Submissions are reviewed and commented on by two to four reviewers, who are scholars handpicked by editors who are experts in the field, and after that the author will revise his/her article. The editors carry out an exhaustive review of the content and decide whether or not to publish the article. During the revision process, scholars will often conduct additional research and add new findings, which means articles will often times be revised at least twice. 

Characteristics of Empirical Research Papers Empirical research papers are publications that describe the results of original research that has never been done before.  These research papers largely aim to establish a hypothesis and devise a series of experiments to test the hypothesis and see if it holds true, collect data, and report the conclusions. Most of the journals on empirical research require papers to have an abstract that provides a brief summary of the content of the paper, an introduction, materials and methodologies, results, discussions, and reference page (bibliography).         CHARACTERISTICS AND STRATEGIES FOR EACH SECTION    TITLE The title should immediately give the reader an idea of the topic of the research paper. The title is the first thing that readers see and is the most frequently viewed part of a research paper. Most readers decide whether or not to read a paper by looking at the title. Therefore, think hard about what keywords you want to use in your title and create a clear and concise title that is a single sentence written across two lines.    STRATEGIES & TIPS ON TITLE ㆍAVOID overly broad or abstract titles such as “Study on ~” and “A Consideration on ~”.  ㆍHIGHLIGHT the relationship between the independent variables (e.g., epinephrine treatment), dependent variables (e.g., respiratory rate), and research subject (e.g., lab rats), and create a title that captures the reader’s interest. (example: The Impact of Epinephrine on the Respiratory Rate in Lab Rats)    ㆍIn today’s digitalized world, readers have easy access to a wide array of search tools through which they can search titles of research papers. Therefore, COME UP WITH a title that contains terms that are frequently used in conjunction with the keywords in your relevant field of research. ㆍREFRAIN fr|om using abbreviations when possible and spell out words using the formal terminology.        ABSTRACT  An abstract is an abbreviated summary of the entire paper. The abstract should contain a summary of each of the main sections (introduction, materials and methodologies, results, and discussion) and provide the reader with a quick glimpse of what your paper is about and capture their attention.     STRATEGIES & TIPS ON ABSTRACT ㆍIn general, USE one or two sentences to give an overview of known or unknown academic facts, one sentence to describe the hypothesis and research question, one or two sentences to explain the research strategy, one or two sentences to outline the main conclusion, and one or two sentences to discuss the academic implications and potential future applications of the study. The number of sentences allocated to each component can vary depending on the content of the research paper.  ㆍAbstracts are usually 250 to 450 words in length, but make sure to CHECK the guidelines for each journal as most journals stipulate a world limit for abstracts. ㆍYou may want to WRITE the abstract at the very end after completing the main text of your research paper to summarize its contents.        INTRODUCTION  The introduction serves to provide readers with prior information so that they can understand the content of the study and to stimulate the reader’s interest. Use short and concise sentences that are to the point.     STRATEGIES & TIPS ON INTRODUCTIONㆍWhen stating facts, INTRODUCE well-known facts in the academic field related to the research topic before stating new and unknown facts. Make sure to select appropriate reference materials and provide proper citation. Normally, an introduction is structured into two to four paragraphs, each of which is comprised of three to nine sentences, but many different formats are used depending on the content of the study.   ㆍDEFINE the hypothesis and research questions derived fr|om the information provided according to the guideline stated above. This component can be outlined in as separate paragraph or be included in one or two sentences at the ending of the paragraph containing the information stated above.   ㆍLIST the unique experiment methodology and research strategies followed by the results obtained by implementing such methodologies and strategies. Provide a brief explanation about the academic and industrial implications of such conclusions. Since the main text will delve deeper into each component of the abstract, provide a brief summary in one paragraph consisting of three to nine sentences.         MATERIALS AND METHODS   Explaining the research strategy, experiment methodology, materials, and other information helps the reader understand the experiments used to test the hypothesis. Provide proper citations and detailed descriptions so that the experiment can be reproduced.    STRATEGIES & TIPS ON MATERIALS AND METHODS ㆍYou may choose to describe the materials used in the experiment and methodology separately, or you can provide details about the materials while going through the procedure of experiments and describe the materials in each step where they are used. The source of the material (the company or laboratory fr|om which they were purchased) should be stated and for experiments involving humans or animals, details such as age, gender, and health status should be indicated as well. INCLUDE a statement that the experiment was conducted in accordance with the Institutional Review Board/Ethical Review Committee’s code of ethics.  ㆍWhen describing the methodological “design” of the study, DESCRIBE the “what”, “why”, “how”, and rules of each experiment. However, keep the “recipe” that explains the simple order of experiments to a minimum.  ㆍKEEP descriptions about widely used experiment methodologies short and provide references.         RESULTS Present the results obtained fr|om the experiments illustrated in the ‘Materials and Methodologies’ section. You may choose to use tables or graphs to effectively convey the results of the experiment and refer to these tables and graphs in your explanation. This should be the longest part of your research paper.    STRATEGIES & TIPS ON RESULTS  ㆍPRESENT an accurate analysis of the data obtained fr|om the experiments in tables or figures (picture, graph, diagram, etc.). Tables should be kept concise and should not contain colors or shadows. All figures should have a uniform shape and use the same lines, colors, and other elements. Provide legends that accompany each figure to provide explanations. Make sure to check the guidelines provided by each journal, as each will have their own criteria. Pay attention to statistical analysis.  ㆍNUMBER and STRUCTURE the results of tables and figures keeping in mind the overall flow of the paper. Remember that the order in which the tables and figures are presented may not necessarily coincide with the order you conducted the experiments in. Concentrate on developing your conclusion in a logical manner.  ㆍINSERT the corresponding tables and figures as you write out your conclusion. In principle, the order of the tables and figures should match the order in which the conclusion is written. Each journal prescribes their own limit on the number of tables and figures that can be used.         DISCUSSION  In this section, you discuss whether the hypothesis and research question presented in the introduction can be proven or solved based on conclusion. The discussion section should indicate how the results obtained fr|om the experiments support or refute your hypothesis, and whether the results are aligned with or contradict existing academic theories.    STRATEGIES & TIPS ON DISCUSSION  ㆍAfter reminding the readers of the hypothesis and research questions that were posed in the introduction, present the answers based on the results of the study. Make sure to CITE your sources.  ㆍPRESENT results of the study that contradict previously published results or were unexpected make sure that they are structured in line with the logical flow of the paper, and describe what contributions the study can make in the relevant field of research.  ㆍThe first sentence of each paragraph should be a TOPIC SENTENCE, and each topic sentence should be arranged in a way that best narrates the overall story.  ㆍDESCRIBE the applications and utilization potential, academic implications, and potential impacts of the study.        OTHERS  1. The number of sentences or paragraphs recommended above is only a rough estimate. Various combinations can be used when writing an actual research paper.  2. Make sure to check the guidelines prescribed by the journal you plan on submitting your paper to as the word limit for abstracts and the research paper itself, format for tables and figures, number and format of references and the bibliography, among other elements will differ for each journal.   3. Some journals will require a conclusion section. The conclusion is especially important when conducting research on the development of methodologies such as writing algorithms and developing devices. As you write your conclusion, keep the following in mind:   ㆍWrite a paragraph consisting of five to seven sentences;   ㆍRemind the reader about the research topic and emphasize the importance of the main results by tying them in with the research topic; and  ㆍYou may choose to end the conclusion by appealing to readers on the academic, industrial and historical significance of the key issues dealt with in the study.  

Title, Keywords, and Abstract The title should be one phrase or sentence that encompasses the purpose, method, and key results of the research.  Use simple and expressive phrases that can grab the reader’s attention, but avoid using provocative puns. Subtitles provide additional context that supplement the main title. Normally, the subtitle comes after the main title and is separated with a colon (:). If the main title is slightly broad and abstract, the subtitle can be more specific. The subtitle can provide historical and geopolitical context, or describe a specific person who was the focus of the study. A running title (running head) is a shorter version of the main title. This is usually printed at the top of each page of hardcopies to make it easier to recognize which article each page belongs to. Choose a title that complies with the strict character limitations (usually 50-80 characters) set forth by each journal.     Use keywords that help your article stand out in search engine results, but at the same time, make sure your keywords cover your research topic. Scrutinize the rules of the journal you wish to submit your article to. Usually five to eight keywords are submitted, but some journals will only allow full-text indexes or single words. If phrases are allowed, make sure they reflect the content of your research. Do not repeat the words used in the title. Choose similar words. Avoid using overly broad and ambiguous words.      An abstract is a condensed version of the entire article.  Therefore, write an abstract that captures the reader’s attention and gives the reader a good idea of the main points included in your introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion. Include both known and unknown facts, detailed hypotheses and questions, research strategies, main results, and academic and applied significance of your article. Vary the number of sentences that comprise your abstract depending on the content of your research. An abstract is usually comprised of 250 to 450 words in English, but make sure to check the rules of each journal as most journals will impose a limit on the number of words that can be allocated to the abstract. You can choose to write the abstract after finishing the entire article.

Concepts and Methods of Citation Writing and studying is inextricably linked to the material itself, whether it is a primary or secondary source. When we read, think and write, or put together results of experiments, we perform these actions using historical and synchronic data. You must clearly acknowledge materials that influenced your work and conclusion. When you borrow someone else's writing, make sure to disclose the source and should not summarize another person’s words as if they were your own. You must take great care to use proper citation in order to avoid plagiarism.     Citation refers to the use of parts of someone else’s work that you need in your writing. In academic papers, citation refers to “justifying one's logic by referencing theories and literature of other researchers to develop one's own theory, and/or using the exact words of a part of a sentence or rewording the contents of someone else’s paper or book to support one's own logic” (Kwak, Dong-chul. (2007). A Study on the Types of Plagiarism and Correct Citation Methods in Academic Papers. The Journal of the Korean Literature and Information Society, 41, 111.)    There are two types of citation methods: direct quotation, in which the exact words of an author are used, and indirect quotation, in which the ideas of an author are translated into the writer’s own words. Direct quotations must be placed inside double quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate that they are a direct quote fr|om the original author. The extent to which citations are used is also important. Citation styles can differ depending on terminology, concepts, or the length of the cited text. The following is a summary of the different citation methods.      DIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Enclosing a part of an author’s text within direct quotation marks (“ ”)  ·  Using a separate paragraph to insert longer quotes (block quotation)    INDIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Reinterpreting content or sentences to incorporate them within one’s own text without using direct quotation marks       Examples of DIRECT quotations   우리가 무엇인가에 대해 글을 쓰려면 그 쓰려고 하는 대상에 대해 새롭게 의미를 부여하지 않으면 안된다. 사물에 대한 애정 어린 관심과 자세한 관찰을 통해 우리는 그 사물과 새로운 관계를 맺을 수 있다. 이러한 관계 형성과 새로운 인식이 좋을 글을 쓰는 데는 꼭 필요한 것이다. 김춘수 시인은 그의 시 「꽃」에서 “내가 그의 이름을 불러주기 전에는 그는 다만 하나의 몸짓에 지나지 않았다. 내가 그의 이름을 불러 주었을 때 그는 내게로 와서 꽃이 되었다”라고 했다. “다만 하나의 몸짓”에 지나지 않는 사물과 내가 관계를 맺을 때, “그는 나에게로 와서 꽃이 되는”것이다.    ▶ Insert a part of the original text that best encapsulates the point you wish to convey while keeping the direct quote limited to the section that is most pertinent. Retain the exact words of the original text. As a rule, misspellings, typos, and other errors, not to mention the exact terminology, spellings, and punctuation should be faithfully quoted just as they appear in the original text.         Examples of DIRECT quotations    다음은 한국 근대 여성 작가 중의 하나인 박화성의 기행문 <해서기행 (4)>(<조선 일보> 1935년 12월 10일자) 중 일부분이다. 여기에는 자연을 대하는 작가의 태도가 드러나있다.    나는 물에 잠기지 않은 돌을 골라 밟아 시내를 건넙니다. 흘러 오는 물은 내가 뛰고있는 돌에 부딪혀 깨어지며 차디찬 물방울의 진주알이 내 발등에서 부서집니다. 보는 순간 내 발은 자리를 헛디며 맑은 물을 유린하고 말았습니다. 속인의 발이 청계를 더럽힌 죄로 내 구두에는 물이 하나 가득 들었습니다.    그녀는 바닥에 떨어져 쌓여있는 낙엽, 잡목과 잡초의 마른 등걸 따위를 보며 이를 생활 자원으로 활용할 수 없음을 안타까워한 적이 있다. 그러나 이것은 자연을 개척하고 지배하여 인간의 도구로 활용하려는 근대 서구인의 자연관과는 다소 차이가 있다. 이 글에서 그녀가 자연에 대해 취하는 것은 공생의 자세이다. 위 문장은 이를 단적으로 보여 준다. 산속을 흐르는 시내를 건너 다 발이 물에 젖자, 문명인이자 속인인 자신이 자연의 세계를 ‘유린’했다고 표현한다. 시냇물의 입장이 되어 인간을 평가하는 바로 이 지점에서 자연을 대하는 작가의 경건한 마음을 읽을 수 있다.    ▶ If the quote is long, use a separate paragraph to insert as a block quote without the use of quotation marks. A block quote generally refers to two or more sentences that are four lines or longer. Block quotes should be offset fr|om the main text as a separate paragraph and indented further than the main text.         Examples of INDIRECT quotations   알랑은 행복의 조건을 네 가지로 나누어 말한 바가 있다. 첫째, 직업을 위한 전문 지식이 필요 하다. 이는 생명의 유지를 위한 기본 요건이다. 둘째, 한 가지의 외국어를 익히는 일이다. 견문을 넓히고 자기의 말이나 문화를 좀 더 잘 이해하기 위한 바탕이다. 셋째, 한 가지의 스포츠를 익히는 일이다. 건강과 레크레이션을 위해서 갖추어야 할 바이다. 넷째, 하나의 악기를 다루는 일이다. 정서 순화와 취미 생활을 위하여 필요한 것이다. 물론이 조건이 행복을 위한 절대 조건은 아닐 것이다. 그러나 이런 네 가지 조건을 갖추면 우리의 인생을 뜻있고 멋있게 사는 데 확실히 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.    ▶ Indirect citation is used when the scope of the citation is too broad or when giving one's own interpretation and/or summary of the content of the original text. If you are indirectly quoting a text, the author, source, and scope of the quoted content must be clearly indicated. This helps distinguish your own thoughts fr|om those of the author of the original text.

Concepts of Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the act of copying more than three key words (subject + object + predicate) in a sentence without citing the exact source” (compiled by Sang-bok Lee, Easy Sentences, Good Writing, Sechang Media, 2003, p.9). Using vague citations that make it difficult to distinguish one’s writing fr|om another author’s, quoting a significant portion of another person’s words without quotation marks, copying the exact theory or research methodology of another person, reusing the results of past publications by the same author (research team), along with numerous other cases are considered plagiarism.    Plagiarism, which constitutes an utter lack of integrity should be avoided at all costs.  The ‘three principles of academic integrity’ set forth by Charles Lipson in Doing Honest Work In College are as follows.    1. “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”    1. “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.”    1. “When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”     

Key Elements of a Presentation Gaining a proper understanding of the elements, types, and principles of speaking and using effective methods of delivery are essential for delivering a good presentation. In general, the act of speaking is comprised of the speaker, listener, content, and medium.    Here, the speaker is the agent who prepares and delivers the speech. The speaker must have a command of the necessary skills and techniques needed to deliver an effective presentation. Therefore, the speaker must be aware of the purpose, well-versed on the topic at hand, a good and effective speaker, and maintain the right attitude about himself/herself as well as towards the audience.   The listener is the other party to the speaker and communicates with the speaker based on the information the speaker conveys. The listener is also referred to as the audience or receiver, and participates in the conversations with a purpose just as the speaker does. A good listener should have an understanding about the purpose of the conversation, knowledge about the topic at hand, and right attitude towards listening.   The content refers to the message conveyed by the speaker to the listener and comes in the form of information, knowledge, ideas, opinions, etc. about a certain fact. The content should be organized according to the speaker’s intent and structured following a certain order. The speaker talks to the listener in order to convey something meaningful. In addition to the verbal message, non-verbal elements such as tone of voice, eye contact, facial expression, gestures, and appearance are also powerful tools.    The medium refers to the vehicle that carries the message. In other words, the medium of delivery. Both verbal and non-verbal elements convey content.   In summary, effective speech requires first and foremost an understanding of the relationship between the speaker, listener, content, and medium.

Making PowerPoint Presentation SlidesPowerPoint is one of the most widely used tools for making presentations. These days,PowerPoint has become synonymous with presentations. Since PowerPoint is themost common and universal tool used to make presentations, let’s examine theprocess and method of making a good PowerPoint presentation.     If you know the enemy and know the self you can never lose: SET YOUR GOAL AND STUDY YOUR OPPONENT When preparing a presentation, you must first clearly define the purpose and topic of the presentation (Purpose), analyze information about the audience (People), and collect all information necessary for the presentation (Place).   Establish the purpose and topic of your presentation The topic and purpose of any presentation should be crystal clear. Establishing the right purpose and topic of apresentation will map out the trajectory of the entire process of your presentation and will serve as a compass that steers you clear of any errors or inconsistencies.     Know your audience The ultimate goal of a presentation is toinform and persuade the audience. That is why you need to collect and analyzeinformation about your audience, including the size, their field of work, age,occupation, comprehension level, and needs. The audience determines the success of a presentation. An accurate understanding of your audience’s needs is required to capture their attention. This means you should adjust the method and difficulty of your presentation accordingly.   ㆍAgreeable Audience : This group has great faith in the presenter. A clear and concise presentation will suffice. A verbose presentation that will bore your audience is unnecessary.    ㆍNeutral Audience : Making a good impression and gaining trust is the most important task with this group. This means you should present ample logical evidence that supports the content of your presentation. In addition, provide various cases that can intrigue and engage your audience.    ㆍHostile Audience : You need the right technique when dealing with a disagreeable audience as this is the most challenging group. It’s a good idea to acknowledge the differences in opinion whilst expressing yours. Don’t waste time with lengthy stories as this can make them feel uncomfortable. Keep the presentation straightforward, to the point, and genuine.    Get a lay of the land A presentation is delivered at a given location within a limited timeframe. Therefore, check the venue, environment, and equipment in advance as you will need to adjust the length, content, and method of presentation depending on the size of the venue and seating arrangements, and whether the seats are comfortable enough.      HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Don’t overdo it A large presentation deck doesn’t necessarily mean you are a good presenter. If you have to skip over slides because you are running out of time, that can actually be a distraction for the audience. Therefore, make sure to limit the number of slides to what you can cover during the presentation time allotted to you. Also, be careful not to load too much text in a single slide.   Slides are not for reading Keep in mind that often times people don’t necessarily read presentation slides, but rather take in the overall slide at a glance. That means you need to make the most of visuals and animation effects to make your content stand out. Make use of diagrams, statistical data, images, and videos that can amplify your explanation and support your argument. However, you should also be mindful of overusing visual effects without any real content to your presentation or rushing through your presentation as that will compromise the effectiveness of your presentation.   Don’t show all your cards at once If the speed of your delivery falls behind the content shown on your slides, the audience will lose interest and find it hard to concentrate. If what you have yet to cover in your speech is already laid out in detail on the screen, the audience already knows where you are going without having to listen to your explanation. Therefore, make sure you structure your slides so that they effectively coincide with your speech and help capture your audience’s attention.

RehearsalAdd variety to the volume and intensity of your voice. The volume and intensity of your voice should vary depending on the venue, the particular circumstances, and number of listeners.    First, think about the volume of your voice. How loud should you speak? The level of your voice should be determined based on the size of the venue, number of listeners, and background noise.    Intonation is also an important tool for expressing emotions. Psychological states such as joy, sadness, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, tension, embarrassment, boredom, and interest can be conveyed through intonation. Intonation distinguishes a question fr|om a statement and vividly conveys the speaker’s feelings.   You can also place emphasis by controlling your speed. In general, people speak at 100 words per minute. This would be roughly equivalent to a two-page manuscript (200 characters per page). However, that does not mean there is a ‘correct’ speed of talking. For example, you are bound to talk slower when you are explaining something step-by-step and faster when you are in a heated debate. It’s important to adjust your speaking rate depending on the situation.   You can also use pauses to great effect. Pausing in your speech can enhance the effectiveness of your delivery. Pauses can be used to place emphasis or turn your audience’s attention to a different topic.   Varying your tone can also bring you speech to life. A monotonous tone will bore your listeners. Adjust your tone using both intense and soft tones to make your communication with the audience more dynamic.   Accurate pronunciation also enhances delivery. Practicing standard pronunciation is an effective way to make sure you get the pronunciation correct.