Concepts and Requirements of Academic Writing Academic writing is about gaining new perceptions of the world by generating technical information and expert knowledge.  The purpose of academic writing is to discover new facts through research using the knowledge you have acquired and to coherently structure these new facts to produce new knowledge.In general, academic writing in school refers to experiment reports, research report, survey reports, topic reports, book reviews, midterm/final essays, and short 5-6 page journal articles.    Journal articles best embodies the purpose of academic writing.  They use a certain format to describe the results of academic research and in particular systematically identifies and discusses academic issues in various disciplines such as humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.   Academic writing is the process of providing an analytical and critical view of the research topic fr|om your own perspective, establishing your own views or arguments, and presenting rational grounds to demonstrate that your views or arguments are correct.  The most important thing when writing a journal article, which is an emblematic format of academic writing, is the originality and validity of the topic or your view, and the validity and logic of the supporting evidence. Therefore, the purpose of a journal article is to reach an objective and steadfast original conclusion by taking a deep dive into the academic question, analyzing and examining its fundamental characteristics fr|om as many different angles as possible, and collecting as much evidence as possible. Journal articles delve into specific questions pertaining to a special area of expertise, and is written under the assumption that the readers will also be professionals who have majored in that particular field.  These days, reports are the most are the most common style of academic writing you will encounter in university curricula.  Although reports do not follow as strict of a format compared to journal articles, the purpose of ‘transferring knowledge and producing new knowledge’ is a common denominator.  Report assignments are given out at the university level to educate and train students new to research methods, organizing and structuring knowledge obtained about a particular issue, and reporting and expressing research results. Although the level of proficiency between journal articles and reports are bound to be different, both are underpinned by their ‘academic nature’.   Then what is the basic thought process of academic writing? Critical thinking.  Critical thinking is “not not simply aimed at finding problems and fault with someone’s argument. Critical thinking is a reflective thought process through which an argument is analyzed and evaluated in order to gain a more in-depth and multifaceted level of understanding” (Kim Young-jung et al., Critical Thinking and Academic Writing, Seoul National University Center for Teaching and Learning Report, 2003). Richard Paul defines critical thinking as an activity that seeks to improve the quality of thinking by examining the structures inherent in opinions about a subject, content, or problem, and imposing an intellectual standard to evaluate it (Paul, R., Fisher, A. and Nosich, G., Workshop on Critical Strategies, Foundation For Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University, CA, 1993, p.4). To put it simply, the act of thinking overall in determining whether an argument is right or wrong by logically examining why, how it unfolds, and what the conclusion is, constitutes critical thinking.  Academic writing encompasses both 'long and short writings that make arguments through demonstration' based on such critical thinking.  When writing an academic article, you should select a given topic or topic of interest and read research papers or books related to the topic to enhance your understanding. You also need to familiarize yourself with a well-formed and coherent way of writing. The requirements for academic writing include originality, objectivity, well-formedness, accuracy, and ethics.         REQUIREMENTS FOR ACADEMIC WRITING    Originality  Come up with a new topic or perspective. Even if there is prior research that has been done on a topic, you must approach it fr|om new point of view (methodology) focusing on issues that have been overlooked or contain errors. Originality also applies to the process of discovering and utilizing new materials.    Objectivity  Academic writing should develop your argument through valid and objective data. Academic writing should contain the argument of the researcher, but that argument should be demonstrated using objective data.  Well-formedness  The process of writing involves objective analysis and compilation based on systematic and logical thinking. The writing should establish a valid and logical relationship between your argument and evidence presented, and the overall structure of the text must also meet certain structural requirements. Certain structural requirements—certain formality, idiomatic expressions, symbols, punctuation, and orderly sentence structure—must be met.    Accuracy  Evidence supporting your argument must be accurately presented. The bibliography of the cited literature and citations must also be accurate. Academic terms must be accompanied by a clear definition. You should refrain fr|om using ambiguous concepts.  Ethics  You must not use other people's ideas, research materials, processes, or content without permission, and make sure to cite your sources when quoting another person. 

Concepts and Methods of Citation Writing and studying is inextricably linked to the material itself, whether it is a primary or secondary source. When we read, think and write, or put together results of experiments, we perform these actions using historical and synchronic data. You must clearly acknowledge materials that influenced your work and conclusion. When you borrow someone else's writing, make sure to disclose the source and should not summarize another person’s words as if they were your own. You must take great care to use proper citation in order to avoid plagiarism.     Citation refers to the use of parts of someone else’s work that you need in your writing. In academic papers, citation refers to “justifying one's logic by referencing theories and literature of other researchers to develop one's own theory, and/or using the exact words of a part of a sentence or rewording the contents of someone else’s paper or book to support one's own logic” (Kwak, Dong-chul. (2007). A Study on the Types of Plagiarism and Correct Citation Methods in Academic Papers. The Journal of the Korean Literature and Information Society, 41, 111.)    There are two types of citation methods: direct quotation, in which the exact words of an author are used, and indirect quotation, in which the ideas of an author are translated into the writer’s own words. Direct quotations must be placed inside double quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate that they are a direct quote fr|om the original author. The extent to which citations are used is also important. Citation styles can differ depending on terminology, concepts, or the length of the cited text. The following is a summary of the different citation methods.      DIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Enclosing a part of an author’s text within direct quotation marks (“ ”)  ·  Using a separate paragraph to insert longer quotes (block quotation)    INDIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Reinterpreting content or sentences to incorporate them within one’s own text without using direct quotation marks       Insert a part of the original text that best encapsulates the point you wish to convey while keeping the direct quote limited to the section that is most pertinent. Retain the exact words of the original text. As a rule, misspellings, typos, and other errors, not to mention the exact terminology, spellings, and punctuation should be faithfully quoted just as they appear in the original text.   If the quote is long, use a separate paragraph to insert as a block quote without the use of quotation marks. A block quote generally refers to two or more sentences that are four lines or longer. Block quotes should be offset fr|om the main text as a separate paragraph and indented further than the main text.   Indirect citation is used when the scope of the citation is too broad or when giving one's own interpretation and/or summary of the content of the original text. If you are indirectly quoting a text, the author, source, and scope of the quoted content must be clearly indicated. This helps distinguish your own thoughts fr|om those of the author of the original text.

Concepts of Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the act of copying more than three key words (subject + object + predicate) in a sentence without citing the exact source” (compiled by Sang-bok Lee, Easy Sentences, Good Writing, Sechang Media, 2003, p.9). Using vague citations that make it difficult to distinguish one’s writing fr|om another author’s, quoting a significant portion of another person’s words without quotation marks, copying the exact theory or research methodology of another person, reusing the results of past publications by the same author (research team), along with numerous other cases are considered plagiarism.    Plagiarism, which constitutes an utter lack of integrity should be avoided at all costs.  The ‘three principles of academic integrity’ set forth by Charles Lipson in Doing Honest Work In College are as follows.    1. “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”  1. “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.”   1. “When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”       College students must exercise academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.  Go through this self-evaluation to gauge your attitude thus far toward writing assignments using the following questions and examples of unethical writing in college.      ·  Where do you usually find materials for writing assignments? Do you rely solely on resources fr|om the internet to complete your assignments?   ·  Did you organize and attach a bibliography and a list of URLs you referenced to your assignment?   ·  Have you ever bought an essay or report off of an internet website for essay writing services?    ·  Have you ever copied a friend's assignment?    ·  Have you ever handed in the same assignment in multiple classes for evaluation?    ·  Have you ever been free rider in collaborative group writing assignments?    ·  Did you know that the concept of plagiarism also applies to assignments in college?       EXAMPLES OF UNETHICAL WRITING IN COLLEGE    Passing off another person’s entire work as your own or free riding  · Submitting in your own name the writings of other people or articles collected fr|om internet websites or other literature  · Submitting a part of a document that has already been published in a book or other types of documents and disguising it as if it were a complete paper in your own words · Listing your name as one of the authors on a final assignment handed in as a team project without having participated in the research process or writing of the assignment to get a free ride   Self-plagiarism and duplicate publications  · Submitting the same article to more than one place · Resubmitting articles after simply changing the composition or sentence structure · Resubmitting articles after simply altering the introduction or conclusion · Combining and submitting two or more articles as one article   Data forgery  · Writing assignments using falsified empirical data · Writing assignments by forging literature or other relevant data   Data modification  · Writing or submitting assignments using modified empirical data · Writing assignments using modified literature or other relevant data  Plagiarism and “patchwork” plagiarism  · Using someone else’s research methodology or key ideas without citing the source or using existing research or unique concepts and/or arguments without appropriate quotation marks or citation · Imitating the syntactical sentence development of another person even if different words and expressions are used, or using the same sentence structure as the original text even if a few words have been altered to change the sentence  · Using information and data (including tables, figures, slides, and computer programs) without citing the source  · Quoting without proper citation, historical, social, or natural facts that are controversial or beyond common sense · Failing to indicate the exact quote taken fr|om another person by enclosing it in quotation marks even if the source is cited · Composing text by copying and pasting to piece together different people’s work for each paragraph   If any part of your work lacks proper quotation marks and/or citation, the entire section, not to mention the plagiarized part will be plagiarized. Even if you have strictly followed citation rules for every single part of your work, piecing together other people’s work is never a desirable option in writing.  —정병기, 「대학생 글쓰기의 부정 행위와 윤리 교육 방안」, 『사고와 표현』창간호, 2008년 11월.

Subject-Verb AgreementWhat is subject-verb agreement? While singular subjects take singular verb forms, plural subjects take plural verb forms.     What are the rules for subject-verb agreement in the simple present?   ONE. Be sure to match the verb form with the subject in number. The verb should be singular if the subject is singular.  When the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. Use the –s form of the verb with he, she, and it.   ㆍSingular: The student learns about the journal every day. ㆍPlural: The students learn new journal every day.     TWO. Prepositional phrases comprise a preposition (at, for, by, with, without, in, of, and so on) + an object of the preposition (a noun, noun phrase, pronoun). The object of a preposition can never be the subject.   ㆍThe main products of Korea and Japan are cars and electronics. ㆍThe main product of Korea and Japan is fish.     THREE. Remember that the noun after there is or there are is the subject of the sentence.   ㆍThere is a book on the table. ㆍThere are three reasons for the incident.     FOUR. Pronouns with every-, some, or any- should always be singular as do the nouns with each or every.   ㆍEveryone deserve a happiness. ㆍEvery student needs to be on time for class.      FIVE. Gerunds (-ing words used as a noun) should always be singular.   ㆍDrinking milk is good for your health. ㆍDrinking milk and fruits is good for your health.       Mistakes made by students The pool boiling experiments were conducted 3 times for more exact measurement of CHF on each fabricated samples. → Correction: The pool boiling experiments were conducted 3 times for more exact measurement of CHF on each fabricated sample.   The voltage and the temperatures were measured on each current steps when these were levelled off. → Correction: The voltage and the temperatures were measured on each current step when these were levelled off.   This study analyzed dramatically different variance in each variables, so it is possible to examine the hypotheses. → Correction: This study analyzed dramatically different variance in each variable, so it is possible to examine the hypotheses.   Every layer in layered structure are aligned with each other, and this lattice configuration forms Li ion pathway. → Correction: Every layer in layered structure is aligned with each other, and this lattice configuration forms Li ion pathway.   The spreading velocities on the long-term oxidized surfaces was faster than those on the short-term oxidized and the fresh surfaces. → Correction: The spreading velocities on the long-term oxidized surfaces were faster than those on the short-term oxidized and the fresh surfaces.   The capillary wicking analysis expand the existing analysis by Son et al. → Correction: The capillary wicking analysis expands the existing analysis by Son et al.   The analysis of the wicking-oriented CHF modification on the coated surfaces play an important role in the development of ATF coated cladding. → Correction: The analysis of the wicking-oriented CHF modification on the coated surfaces plays an important role in the development of ATF coated cladding.   Our results provide compelling evidence that lactoferrin bind specifically with lactoferrin receptor in Caco-2 cells. → Correction: Our results provide compelling evidence that lactoferrin binds specifically with lactoferrin receptor in Caco-2 cells.   This result eventually lead to the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant. → Correction: This result eventually leads to the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant.   The concentration of hydrazine after the irradiation were evaluated using UV spectrometer and ion chromatography. → Correction: The concentration of hydrazine after the irradiation was evaluated using UV spectrometer and ion chromatography.   It was found that the products of water radiolysis and nitrate ion was concerned with hydrazine decomposition reaction. → Correction: It was found that the products of water radiolysis and nitrate ion were concerned with hydrazine decomposition reaction.   It is generally accepted that an end-to-end searching tool for architectural floor plans are in need, especially in the early phase of design. → Correction: It is generally accepted that an end-to-end searching tool for architectural floor plans is in need, especially in the early phase of design.   As outlined in the introduction, using visual languages are necessary to retrieve architectural information. → Correction: As outlined in the introduction, using visual languages is necessary to retrieve architectural information.   In general, the analysis include the control variables described above and controlled their effects. → Correction: In general, the analysis includes the control variables described above and controlled their effects.   Optimization of low-pressure membrane filtration are attracting widespread interest in field of water and waste water treatment. → Correction: Optimization of low-pressure membrane filtration is attracting widespread interest in field of water and waste water treatment.   The fouling model used in this work were a modified form of classical Hermia’s fouling model. → Correction: The fouling model used in this work was a modified form of classical Hermia’s fouling model.   This indicates that no significant correlation exist between the Hermia’s and Kilduff model. → Correction: This indicates that no significant correlation exists between the Hermia’s and Kilduff model.   Inorganic concentration in permeate are determined by ICP analysis. → Correction: Inorganic concentration in permeate is determined by ICP analysis.   The impact test used in this work were a modified version of the previous work. → Correction: The impact test used in this work was a modified version of the previous work.   The outcome of this theory, therefore, challenge Zada’s assumption that the parasitic capacitance of human skin is negligible. → Correction: The outcome of this theory, therefore, challenges Zada’s assumption that the parasitic capacitance of human skin is negligible.   

Comma (,) What is comma? A comma (,) is a punctuation mark that represents a short pause and is used to divide parts of a sentence.     Why do you use comma? Basically, a comma is used to SEPARATE information fr|om other parts of the sentence. It is a punctuation mark that separates words, clauses, or ideas within a sentence. While a period (.) ends a sentence, a comma indicates a smaller pause.     When do we use comma? The followings are common uses of commas:   ONE. To separate independent clauses, use a comma. Rule: A comma is used to separate two main clauses when there is a coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so(you can use he mnemonic FANBOYS to help you remember the list). It shows a relationship between clauses.   ㆍThey walked down the street, and then they turned the corner. ㆍYou can go shopping with me,or you can go to a movie alone.   *Source: https://www.iue.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html       Mistakes made by students The measured CHF values exceeded the roughness-argued CHF prediction and there must be an another parameter to decide the CHF trigger. → Correction: The measured CHF values exceeded the roughness-argued CHF prediction, and   In this study, positive relational affect and task assistance seeking were repeatedly measured for 5 days and each parameter within 5 days was constrained to be equal. → Correction: positive relational affect and task assistance seeking were repeatedly measured for 5 days, and   Data path was transmitted horizontally and clock path was transmitted laterally. → Correction: Data path was transmitted horizontally, and   It utilizes the renewable energy so it can reduce CO2 emissions. → Correction: It utilizes the renewable energy, so   This is because the construction period can be shortened compared to the existing construction methods and the building can be used at an early date. → Correction: the construction period can be shortened compared to the existing construction methods, and       TWO. After an introductory clause or phrase, use a comma Readers are informed by the comma that the introductory clause or phrase has ended and the main body of the sentence is about to start.   ㆍWhen the class started, one of the students had to leave because he forgot to bring his textbook. ㆍNear the lake, many people gathered together to celebrate the holiday.   *Source:https://www.iue.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html     Mistakes made by students A. Introductory clauses, main clause   While various concentrations were used only slight efficiency change was observed.  → Correction: While various concentrations were used,   As mentioned earlier metal organic frameworks contain metal clusters. → Correction: As mentioned earlier,   As reported by Serre and co-workers mil-125 can be easily synthesized by the solvothermal method. → Correction: As reported by Serre and co-workers,   Since it is known that titanium dioxide is good photocatalyst we investigated its process parameters. → Correction: Since it is known that titanium dioxide is good photocatalyst,     B. Introductory elements, main clause   In this paper we apply new design and mixture of concretes. → Correction: In this paper,   In our implementation we followed Kolodner (1992) by using Case-Based Reasoning.  → Correction: In our implementation,   To knowledge of authors mechanism presented here is figure 1 and 2 is one of its kind.  → Correction: To the knowledge of authors,   Unlike Serre we did not find nitrogen in our samples. → Correction: Unlike Serre,   In order to check the morphology of sample we examined sample by X ray diffraction analysis. → Correction: In order to check the morphology of sample,   To investigate the crystal structure of catalyst we needed to do EDX analysis. → Correction: To investigate the crystal structure of catalyst,   Using the method described above we can calculate order of reactions. → Correction: Using the method described above,   However exact photocatalytic mechanism remains unexplained. → Correction: However,     THREE. Include a comma between all series of items Each item in a series, which is a collection of three or more things sharing the same purpose and structure in a sentence, should be separated by a comma.   *Source: https://www.iue.edu/student-success/coursework/commas.html   ㆍWe bought pencils,notebooks, and textbooks today. (series of words) ㆍThe President promised that he would be a great leader,that he would restore the law and order, and that the country would prosper soon. (series of clauses) ㆍThe professor looked through the desk, through his briefcase,and around her office for the lost class roster. (series of phrases)     Mistakes made by students Titanium based MOFs have widely been employed in applications such as catalysis, separation adsorption pollutant removal. → Correction: catalysis, separation, and adsorption pollutant removal.   The implantable WPT system was modelled, simulated and analyzed using the following well-known electromagnetics computation tools. → Correction: modelled, simulated, and analyzed

Making PowerPoint Presentation SlidesPowerPoint is one of the most widely used tools for making presentations. These days,PowerPoint has become synonymous with presentations. Since PowerPoint is themost common and universal tool used to make presentations, let’s examine theprocess and method of making a good PowerPoint presentation.     If you know the enemy and know the self you can never lose: SET YOUR GOAL AND STUDY YOUR OPPONENT When preparing a presentation, you must first clearly define the purpose and topic of the presentation (Purpose), analyze information about the audience (People), and collect all information necessary for the presentation (Place).   Establish the purpose and topic of your presentation The topic and purpose of any presentation should be crystal clear. Establishing the right purpose and topic of apresentation will map out the trajectory of the entire process of your presentation and will serve as a compass that steers you clear of any errors or inconsistencies.     Know your audience The ultimate goal of a presentation is toinform and persuade the audience. That is why you need to collect and analyzeinformation about your audience, including the size, their field of work, age,occupation, comprehension level, and needs. The audience determines the success of a presentation. An accurate understanding of your audience’s needs is required to capture their attention. This means you should adjust the method and difficulty of your presentation accordingly.   ㆍAgreeable Audience : This group has great faith in the presenter. A clear and concise presentation will suffice. A verbose presentation that will bore your audience is unnecessary.    ㆍNeutral Audience : Making a good impression and gaining trust is the most important task with this group. This means you should present ample logical evidence that supports the content of your presentation. In addition, provide various cases that can intrigue and engage your audience.    ㆍHostile Audience : You need the right technique when dealing with a disagreeable audience as this is the most challenging group. It’s a good idea to acknowledge the differences in opinion whilst expressing yours. Don’t waste time with lengthy stories as this can make them feel uncomfortable. Keep the presentation straightforward, to the point, and genuine.    Get a lay of the land A presentation is delivered at a given location within a limited timeframe. Therefore, check the venue, environment, and equipment in advance as you will need to adjust the length, content, and method of presentation depending on the size of the venue and seating arrangements, and whether the seats are comfortable enough.      HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Don’t overdo it A large presentation deck doesn’t necessarily mean you are a good presenter. If you have to skip over slides because you are running out of time, that can actually be a distraction for the audience. Therefore, make sure to limit the number of slides to what you can cover during the presentation time allotted to you. Also, be careful not to load too much text in a single slide.   Slides are not for reading Keep in mind that often times people don’t necessarily read presentation slides, but rather take in the overall slide at a glance. That means you need to make the most of visuals and animation effects to make your content stand out. Make use of diagrams, statistical data, images, and videos that can amplify your explanation and support your argument. However, you should also be mindful of overusing visual effects without any real content to your presentation or rushing through your presentation as that will compromise the effectiveness of your presentation.   Don’t show all your cards at once If the speed of your delivery falls behind the content shown on your slides, the audience will lose interest and find it hard to concentrate. If what you have yet to cover in your speech is already laid out in detail on the screen, the audience already knows where you are going without having to listen to your explanation. Therefore, make sure you structure your slides so that they effectively coincide with your speech and help capture your audience’s attention.

Key Elements of a Presentation Gaining a proper understanding of the elements, types, and principles of speaking and using effective methods of delivery are essential for delivering a good presentation. In general, the act of speaking is comprised of the speaker, listener, content, and medium.    Here, the speaker is the agent who prepares and delivers the speech. The speaker must have a command of the necessary skills and techniques needed to deliver an effective presentation. Therefore, the speaker must be aware of the purpose, well-versed on the topic at hand, a good and effective speaker, and maintain the right attitude about himself/herself as well as towards the audience.   The listener is the other party to the speaker and communicates with the speaker based on the information the speaker conveys. The listener is also referred to as the audience or receiver, and participates in the conversations with a purpose just as the speaker does. A good listener should have an understanding about the purpose of the conversation, knowledge about the topic at hand, and right attitude towards listening.   The content refers to the message conveyed by the speaker to the listener and comes in the form of information, knowledge, ideas, opinions, etc. about a certain fact. The content should be organized according to the speaker’s intent and structured following a certain order. The speaker talks to the listener in order to convey something meaningful. In addition to the verbal message, non-verbal elements such as tone of voice, eye contact, facial expression, gestures, and appearance are also powerful tools.    The medium refers to the vehicle that carries the message. In other words, the medium of delivery. Both verbal and non-verbal elements convey content.   In summary, effective speech requires first and foremost an understanding of the relationship between the speaker, listener, content, and medium.

RehearsalAdd variety to the volume and intensity of your voice. The volume and intensity of your voice should vary depending on the venue, the particular circumstances, and number of listeners.    First, think about the volume of your voice. How loud should you speak? The level of your voice should be determined based on the size of the venue, number of listeners, and background noise.    Intonation is also an important tool for expressing emotions. Psychological states such as joy, sadness, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, tension, embarrassment, boredom, and interest can be conveyed through intonation. Intonation distinguishes a question fr|om a statement and vividly conveys the speaker’s feelings.   You can also place emphasis by controlling your speed. In general, people speak at 100 words per minute. This would be roughly equivalent to a two-page manuscript (200 characters per page). However, that does not mean there is a ‘correct’ speed of talking. For example, you are bound to talk slower when you are explaining something step-by-step and faster when you are in a heated debate. It’s important to adjust your speaking rate depending on the situation.   You can also use pauses to great effect. Pausing in your speech can enhance the effectiveness of your delivery. Pauses can be used to place emphasis or turn your audience’s attention to a different topic.   Varying your tone can also bring you speech to life. A monotonous tone will bore your listeners. Adjust your tone using both intense and soft tones to make your communication with the audience more dynamic.   Accurate pronunciation also enhances delivery. Practicing standard pronunciation is an effective way to make sure you get the pronunciation correct. 

Ethics  Q. How is research writing ethically different fr|om other types of writing?   A. AUTHORSHIP, RESPONSIBILITY, and ACCOUNTABILITY   The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following four criteria: • Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, orinterpretation of data for the work; AND • Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND • Final approval of the version to bepublished; AND • Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.   *Source fr|om : https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html   A. ChatGPT is not an author. • All academic journal publishers agree that ChatGPT or any other AI tool is NOT an author. • Do not put Generative AI LLM as a co-author. • Because AI is not an author, AI cannot hold copyright. • “Recent court cases have established that there is no copyright possible for AI output. The basis for this decision by the US copyright office is the concept of “human authorship.”  • “Most fundamentally, the term ‘author,’ which is used in both the Constitution and the Copyright Act, excludes non-humans.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.copyright.gov/ai/ai_policy_guidance.pdf   B. Text generated by ChatGPT is notacceptable. • To have copyright, a work must be original. • Authors who want to publish in Science must confirm that “the work is original.”  • “For the Science journals,the word “original” is enough to signal that text written by ChatGPT is not acceptable: It is, after all, plagiarized fr|om ChatGPT.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7879   • “Artificial intelligence (AI). Text generatedfr|om AI, machine learning, or similar algorithmic tools cannot be used in papers published in Science journals, nor can the accompanying figures, images, or graphics be the products of such tools, without explicit permission fr|om the editors. In addition, an AI program cannot be an author of a Science journal paper. A violation of this policy constitutes scientific misconduct.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.science.org/content/page/science-journals-editorial-policies   • Where authors use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, these technologies should only be used to improve readability and language of the work. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control and authors should carefully review and edit the result, because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete orbiased. The authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for thecontents of the work.   *Source fr|om :https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics   C. Check policies before using LLM. • Check the policy of the specific journalor conference before submitting. • Check the policy of the professor forassignments in a class that you are taking. • Policies are continuously being updated. Make sure to review policies before final submission of an article. 

Useful Tools A. Before learning about useful tools, note the following: 1) When using extensions in chrome and/or edge, • CHECK the number of users; if it is an open source project; and if it is a vendor who follows EU rules or private project; and • NOTE that ChatGPT extensions might interfere with each other.   2) Here is a suggested workflow for revising text with recommended tools • WRITE your own sentences. USE a translation tool if needed but NOT recommended. • DO NOT use chatGPT/Bard to first generate (write) any sentences that you will use in your final article. This goes against journal policies. • First, RUN your text through a free editing tool such as Microsoft Editor or Grammarly for basic errors. • USE the browser extension EditGPT for your first drafts if you want more substantial revision such as improving the flow of the writing. • USE trinka.ai to proofread the final version of your writing before meeting your advisor or submitting to the journal (due to limits on the free version) • DOUBLE-CHECK your expressions in Google Scholar   B. To improve readability, consider the following editing tools • editGPT extension   https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/editgpt/mognjodfeldknhobgbnkoomipkmlnnhk (for more information https://www.editgpt.app/) • Grammarly   https://www.grammarly.com/  • Microsoft Editor   https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/microsoft-editor?activetab=tabs%3afaqheaderregion3 • Writeful   https://www.writefull.com/  • Trinka   https://www.trinka.ai/ *Note : • ChatGPT tends to be too unreliable for correcting grammar and revising text compared to more specialized software. Prompting exactly what you want such as the field and style of writing and number of words is very important. • However, free plans don’t always include sentence level revising and academic style. • Choose tools such as EditGPT, Grammarly, or Trinka that allow you to see the changes made and control the final edit. • Trinka seems better for scientific research writing, but there are limits to how often it can be used in the free version. It is full function but limited so check your final draft.   C. To find more AI tools to assist the research process, consider using the following tools • Semantic Scholar   https://www.semanticscholar.org/ • Scite.ai   https://scite.ai/home • chatpdf.com   https://www.chatpdf.com/