Concepts and Requirements of Academic Writing Academic writing is about gaining new perceptions of the world by generating technical information and expert knowledge.  The purpose of academic writing is to discover new facts through research using the knowledge you have acquired and to coherently structure these new facts to produce new knowledge.In general, academic writing in school refers to experiment reports, research report, survey reports, topic reports, book reviews, midterm/final essays, and short 5-6 page journal articles.    Journal articles best embodies the purpose of academic writing.  They use a certain format to describe the results of academic research and in particular systematically identifies and discusses academic issues in various disciplines such as humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences.   Academic writing is the process of providing an analytical and critical view of the research topic fr|om your own perspective, establishing your own views or arguments, and presenting rational grounds to demonstrate that your views or arguments are correct.  The most important thing when writing a journal article, which is an emblematic format of academic writing, is the originality and validity of the topic or your view, and the validity and logic of the supporting evidence. Therefore, the purpose of a journal article is to reach an objective and steadfast original conclusion by taking a deep dive into the academic question, analyzing and examining its fundamental characteristics fr|om as many different angles as possible, and collecting as much evidence as possible. Journal articles delve into specific questions pertaining to a special area of expertise, and is written under the assumption that the readers will also be professionals who have majored in that particular field.  These days, reports are the most are the most common style of academic writing you will encounter in university curricula.  Although reports do not follow as strict of a format compared to journal articles, the purpose of ‘transferring knowledge and producing new knowledge’ is a common denominator.  Report assignments are given out at the university level to educate and train students new to research methods, organizing and structuring knowledge obtained about a particular issue, and reporting and expressing research results. Although the level of proficiency between journal articles and reports are bound to be different, both are underpinned by their ‘academic nature’.   Then what is the basic thought process of academic writing? Critical thinking.  Critical thinking is “not not simply aimed at finding problems and fault with someone’s argument. Critical thinking is a reflective thought process through which an argument is analyzed and evaluated in order to gain a more in-depth and multifaceted level of understanding” (Kim Young-jung et al., Critical Thinking and Academic Writing, Seoul National University Center for Teaching and Learning Report, 2003). Richard Paul defines critical thinking as an activity that seeks to improve the quality of thinking by examining the structures inherent in opinions about a subject, content, or problem, and imposing an intellectual standard to evaluate it (Paul, R., Fisher, A. and Nosich, G., Workshop on Critical Strategies, Foundation For Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University, CA, 1993, p.4). To put it simply, the act of thinking overall in determining whether an argument is right or wrong by logically examining why, how it unfolds, and what the conclusion is, constitutes critical thinking.  Academic writing encompasses both 'long and short writings that make arguments through demonstration' based on such critical thinking.  When writing an academic article, you should select a given topic or topic of interest and read research papers or books related to the topic to enhance your understanding. You also need to familiarize yourself with a well-formed and coherent way of writing. The requirements for academic writing include originality, objectivity, well-formedness, accuracy, and ethics.         REQUIREMENTS FOR ACADEMIC WRITING    Originality  Come up with a new topic or perspective. Even if there is prior research that has been done on a topic, you must approach it fr|om new point of view (methodology) focusing on issues that have been overlooked or contain errors. Originality also applies to the process of discovering and utilizing new materials.    Objectivity  Academic writing should develop your argument through valid and objective data. Academic writing should contain the argument of the researcher, but that argument should be demonstrated using objective data.  Well-formedness  The process of writing involves objective analysis and compilation based on systematic and logical thinking. The writing should establish a valid and logical relationship between your argument and evidence presented, and the overall structure of the text must also meet certain structural requirements. Certain structural requirements—certain formality, idiomatic expressions, symbols, punctuation, and orderly sentence structure—must be met.    Accuracy  Evidence supporting your argument must be accurately presented. The bibliography of the cited literature and citations must also be accurate. Academic terms must be accompanied by a clear definition. You should refrain fr|om using ambiguous concepts.  Ethics  You must not use other people's ideas, research materials, processes, or content without permission, and make sure to cite your sources when quoting another person. 

Concepts and Methods of Citation Writing and studying is inextricably linked to the material itself, whether it is a primary or secondary source. When we read, think and write, or put together results of experiments, we perform these actions using historical and synchronic data. You must clearly acknowledge materials that influenced your work and conclusion. When you borrow someone else's writing, make sure to disclose the source and should not summarize another person’s words as if they were your own. You must take great care to use proper citation in order to avoid plagiarism.     Citation refers to the use of parts of someone else’s work that you need in your writing. In academic papers, citation refers to “justifying one's logic by referencing theories and literature of other researchers to develop one's own theory, and/or using the exact words of a part of a sentence or rewording the contents of someone else’s paper or book to support one's own logic” (Kwak, Dong-chul. (2007). A Study on the Types of Plagiarism and Correct Citation Methods in Academic Papers. The Journal of the Korean Literature and Information Society, 41, 111.)    There are two types of citation methods: direct quotation, in which the exact words of an author are used, and indirect quotation, in which the ideas of an author are translated into the writer’s own words. Direct quotations must be placed inside double quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate that they are a direct quote fr|om the original author. The extent to which citations are used is also important. Citation styles can differ depending on terminology, concepts, or the length of the cited text. The following is a summary of the different citation methods.      DIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Enclosing a part of an author’s text within direct quotation marks (“ ”)  ·  Using a separate paragraph to insert longer quotes (block quotation)    INDIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Reinterpreting content or sentences to incorporate them within one’s own text without using direct quotation marks       Examples of DIRECT quotations   우리가 무엇인가에 대해 글을 쓰려면 그 쓰려고 하는 대상에 대해 새롭게 의미를 부여하지 않으면 안된다. 사물에 대한 애정 어린 관심과 자세한 관찰을 통해 우리는 그 사물과 새로운 관계를 맺을 수 있다. 이러한 관계 형성과 새로운 인식이 좋을 글을 쓰는 데는 꼭 필요한 것이다. 김춘수 시인은 그의 시 「꽃」에서 “내가 그의 이름을 불러주기 전에는 그는 다만 하나의 몸짓에 지나지 않았다. 내가 그의 이름을 불러 주었을 때 그는 내게로 와서 꽃이 되었다”라고 했다. “다만 하나의 몸짓”에 지나지 않는 사물과 내가 관계를 맺을 때, “그는 나에게로 와서 꽃이 되는”것이다.    ▶ Insert a part of the original text that best encapsulates the point you wish to convey while keeping the direct quote limited to the section that is most pertinent. Retain the exact words of the original text. As a rule, misspellings, typos, and other errors, not to mention the exact terminology, spellings, and punctuation should be faithfully quoted just as they appear in the original text.         Examples of DIRECT quotations    다음은 한국 근대 여성 작가 중의 하나인 박화성의 기행문 <해서기행 (4)>(<조선 일보> 1935년 12월 10일자) 중 일부분이다. 여기에는 자연을 대하는 작가의 태도가 드러나있다.    나는 물에 잠기지 않은 돌을 골라 밟아 시내를 건넙니다. 흘러 오는 물은 내가 뛰고있는 돌에 부딪혀 깨어지며 차디찬 물방울의 진주알이 내 발등에서 부서집니다. 보는 순간 내 발은 자리를 헛디며 맑은 물을 유린하고 말았습니다. 속인의 발이 청계를 더럽힌 죄로 내 구두에는 물이 하나 가득 들었습니다.    그녀는 바닥에 떨어져 쌓여있는 낙엽, 잡목과 잡초의 마른 등걸 따위를 보며 이를 생활 자원으로 활용할 수 없음을 안타까워한 적이 있다. 그러나 이것은 자연을 개척하고 지배하여 인간의 도구로 활용하려는 근대 서구인의 자연관과는 다소 차이가 있다. 이 글에서 그녀가 자연에 대해 취하는 것은 공생의 자세이다. 위 문장은 이를 단적으로 보여 준다. 산속을 흐르는 시내를 건너 다 발이 물에 젖자, 문명인이자 속인인 자신이 자연의 세계를 ‘유린’했다고 표현한다. 시냇물의 입장이 되어 인간을 평가하는 바로 이 지점에서 자연을 대하는 작가의 경건한 마음을 읽을 수 있다.    ▶ If the quote is long, use a separate paragraph to insert as a block quote without the use of quotation marks. A block quote generally refers to two or more sentences that are four lines or longer. Block quotes should be offset fr|om the main text as a separate paragraph and indented further than the main text.         Examples of INDIRECT quotations   알랑은 행복의 조건을 네 가지로 나누어 말한 바가 있다. 첫째, 직업을 위한 전문 지식이 필요 하다. 이는 생명의 유지를 위한 기본 요건이다. 둘째, 한 가지의 외국어를 익히는 일이다. 견문을 넓히고 자기의 말이나 문화를 좀 더 잘 이해하기 위한 바탕이다. 셋째, 한 가지의 스포츠를 익히는 일이다. 건강과 레크레이션을 위해서 갖추어야 할 바이다. 넷째, 하나의 악기를 다루는 일이다. 정서 순화와 취미 생활을 위하여 필요한 것이다. 물론이 조건이 행복을 위한 절대 조건은 아닐 것이다. 그러나 이런 네 가지 조건을 갖추면 우리의 인생을 뜻있고 멋있게 사는 데 확실히 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.    ▶ Indirect citation is used when the scope of the citation is too broad or when giving one's own interpretation and/or summary of the content of the original text. If you are indirectly quoting a text, the author, source, and scope of the quoted content must be clearly indicated. This helps distinguish your own thoughts fr|om those of the author of the original text.

Concepts of Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the act of copying more than three key words (subject + object + predicate) in a sentence without citing the exact source” (compiled by Sang-bok Lee, Easy Sentences, Good Writing, Sechang Media, 2003, p.9). Using vague citations that make it difficult to distinguish one’s writing fr|om another author’s, quoting a significant portion of another person’s words without quotation marks, copying the exact theory or research methodology of another person, reusing the results of past publications by the same author (research team), along with numerous other cases are considered plagiarism.    Plagiarism, which constitutes an utter lack of integrity should be avoided at all costs.  The ‘three principles of academic integrity’ set forth by Charles Lipson in Doing Honest Work In College are as follows.    1. “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”  1. “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.”   1. “When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”       College students must exercise academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.  Go through this self-evaluation to gauge your attitude thus far toward writing assignments using the following questions and examples of unethical writing in college.      ·  Where do you usually find materials for writing assignments? Do you rely solely on resources fr|om the internet to complete your assignments?   ·  Did you organize and attach a bibliography and a list of URLs you referenced to your assignment?   ·  Have you ever bought an essay or report off of an internet website for essay writing services?    ·  Have you ever copied a friend's assignment?    ·  Have you ever handed in the same assignment in multiple classes for evaluation?    ·  Have you ever been free rider in collaborative group writing assignments?    ·  Did you know that the concept of plagiarism also applies to assignments in college?       EXAMPLES OF UNETHICAL WRITING IN COLLEGE    Passing off another person’s entire work as your own or free riding  · Submitting in your own name the writings of other people or articles collected fr|om internet websites or other literature  · Submitting a part of a document that has already been published in a book or other types of documents and disguising it as if it were a complete paper in your own words · Listing your name as one of the authors on a final assignment handed in as a team project without having participated in the research process or writing of the assignment to get a free ride   Self-plagiarism and duplicate publications  · Submitting the same article to more than one place · Resubmitting articles after simply changing the composition or sentence structure · Resubmitting articles after simply altering the introduction or conclusion · Combining and submitting two or more articles as one article   Data forgery  · Writing assignments using falsified empirical data · Writing assignments by forging literature or other relevant data   Data modification  · Writing or submitting assignments using modified empirical data · Writing assignments using modified literature or other relevant data  Plagiarism and “patchwork” plagiarism  · Using someone else’s research methodology or key ideas without citing the source or using existing research or unique concepts and/or arguments without appropriate quotation marks or citation · Imitating the syntactical sentence development of another person even if different words and expressions are used, or using the same sentence structure as the original text even if a few words have been altered to change the sentence  · Using information and data (including tables, figures, slides, and computer programs) without citing the source  · Quoting without proper citation, historical, social, or natural facts that are controversial or beyond common sense · Failing to indicate the exact quote taken fr|om another person by enclosing it in quotation marks even if the source is cited · Composing text by copying and pasting to piece together different people’s work for each paragraph   If any part of your work lacks proper quotation marks and/or citation, the entire section, not to mention the plagiarized part will be plagiarized. Even if you have strictly followed citation rules for every single part of your work, piecing together other people’s work is never a desirable option in writing.  —정병기, 「대학생 글쓰기의 부정 행위와 윤리 교육 방안」, 『사고와 표현』창간호, 2008년 11월.  

Key Elements of a Presentation Gaining a proper understanding of the elements, types, and principles of speaking and using effective methods of delivery are essential for delivering a good presentation. In general, the act of speaking is comprised of the speaker, listener, content, and medium.    Here, the speaker is the agent who prepares and delivers the speech. The speaker must have a command of the necessary skills and techniques needed to deliver an effective presentation. Therefore, the speaker must be aware of the purpose, well-versed on the topic at hand, a good and effective speaker, and maintain the right attitude about himself/herself as well as towards the audience.   The listener is the other party to the speaker and communicates with the speaker based on the information the speaker conveys. The listener is also referred to as the audience or receiver, and participates in the conversations with a purpose just as the speaker does. A good listener should have an understanding about the purpose of the conversation, knowledge about the topic at hand, and right attitude towards listening.   The content refers to the message conveyed by the speaker to the listener and comes in the form of information, knowledge, ideas, opinions, etc. about a certain fact. The content should be organized according to the speaker’s intent and structured following a certain order. The speaker talks to the listener in order to convey something meaningful. In addition to the verbal message, non-verbal elements such as tone of voice, eye contact, facial expression, gestures, and appearance are also powerful tools.    The medium refers to the vehicle that carries the message. In other words, the medium of delivery. Both verbal and non-verbal elements convey content.   In summary, effective speech requires first and foremost an understanding of the relationship between the speaker, listener, content, and medium.

Making PowerPoint Presentation SlidesPowerPoint is one of the most widely used tools for making presentations. These days,PowerPoint has become synonymous with presentations. Since PowerPoint is themost common and universal tool used to make presentations, let’s examine theprocess and method of making a good PowerPoint presentation.     If you know the enemy and know the self you can never lose: SET YOUR GOAL AND STUDY YOUR OPPONENT When preparing a presentation, you must first clearly define the purpose and topic of the presentation (Purpose), analyze information about the audience (People), and collect all information necessary for the presentation (Place).   Establish the purpose and topic of your presentation The topic and purpose of any presentation should be crystal clear. Establishing the right purpose and topic of apresentation will map out the trajectory of the entire process of your presentation and will serve as a compass that steers you clear of any errors or inconsistencies.     Know your audience The ultimate goal of a presentation is toinform and persuade the audience. That is why you need to collect and analyzeinformation about your audience, including the size, their field of work, age,occupation, comprehension level, and needs. The audience determines the success of a presentation. An accurate understanding of your audience’s needs is required to capture their attention. This means you should adjust the method and difficulty of your presentation accordingly.   ㆍAgreeable Audience : This group has great faith in the presenter. A clear and concise presentation will suffice. A verbose presentation that will bore your audience is unnecessary.    ㆍNeutral Audience : Making a good impression and gaining trust is the most important task with this group. This means you should present ample logical evidence that supports the content of your presentation. In addition, provide various cases that can intrigue and engage your audience.    ㆍHostile Audience : You need the right technique when dealing with a disagreeable audience as this is the most challenging group. It’s a good idea to acknowledge the differences in opinion whilst expressing yours. Don’t waste time with lengthy stories as this can make them feel uncomfortable. Keep the presentation straightforward, to the point, and genuine.    Get a lay of the land A presentation is delivered at a given location within a limited timeframe. Therefore, check the venue, environment, and equipment in advance as you will need to adjust the length, content, and method of presentation depending on the size of the venue and seating arrangements, and whether the seats are comfortable enough.      HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF YOUR POWERPOINT PRESENTATION Don’t overdo it A large presentation deck doesn’t necessarily mean you are a good presenter. If you have to skip over slides because you are running out of time, that can actually be a distraction for the audience. Therefore, make sure to limit the number of slides to what you can cover during the presentation time allotted to you. Also, be careful not to load too much text in a single slide.   Slides are not for reading Keep in mind that often times people don’t necessarily read presentation slides, but rather take in the overall slide at a glance. That means you need to make the most of visuals and animation effects to make your content stand out. Make use of diagrams, statistical data, images, and videos that can amplify your explanation and support your argument. However, you should also be mindful of overusing visual effects without any real content to your presentation or rushing through your presentation as that will compromise the effectiveness of your presentation.   Don’t show all your cards at once If the speed of your delivery falls behind the content shown on your slides, the audience will lose interest and find it hard to concentrate. If what you have yet to cover in your speech is already laid out in detail on the screen, the audience already knows where you are going without having to listen to your explanation. Therefore, make sure you structure your slides so that they effectively coincide with your speech and help capture your audience’s attention.

RehearsalAdd variety to the volume and intensity of your voice. The volume and intensity of your voice should vary depending on the venue, the particular circumstances, and number of listeners.    First, think about the volume of your voice. How loud should you speak? The level of your voice should be determined based on the size of the venue, number of listeners, and background noise.    Intonation is also an important tool for expressing emotions. Psychological states such as joy, sadness, satisfaction, dissatisfaction, tension, embarrassment, boredom, and interest can be conveyed through intonation. Intonation distinguishes a question fr|om a statement and vividly conveys the speaker’s feelings.   You can also place emphasis by controlling your speed. In general, people speak at 100 words per minute. This would be roughly equivalent to a two-page manuscript (200 characters per page). However, that does not mean there is a ‘correct’ speed of talking. For example, you are bound to talk slower when you are explaining something step-by-step and faster when you are in a heated debate. It’s important to adjust your speaking rate depending on the situation.   You can also use pauses to great effect. Pausing in your speech can enhance the effectiveness of your delivery. Pauses can be used to place emphasis or turn your audience’s attention to a different topic.   Varying your tone can also bring you speech to life. A monotonous tone will bore your listeners. Adjust your tone using both intense and soft tones to make your communication with the audience more dynamic.   Accurate pronunciation also enhances delivery. Practicing standard pronunciation is an effective way to make sure you get the pronunciation correct.