Concepts and Methods of Citation Writing and studying is inextricably linked to the material itself, whether it is a primary or secondary source. When we read, think and write, or put together results of experiments, we perform these actions using historical and synchronic data. You must clearly acknowledge materials that influenced your work and conclusion. When you borrow someone else's writing, make sure to disclose the source and should not summarize another person’s words as if they were your own. You must take great care to use proper citation in order to avoid plagiarism.     Citation refers to the use of parts of someone else’s work that you need in your writing. In academic papers, citation refers to “justifying one's logic by referencing theories and literature of other researchers to develop one's own theory, and/or using the exact words of a part of a sentence or rewording the contents of someone else’s paper or book to support one's own logic” (Kwak, Dong-chul. (2007). A Study on the Types of Plagiarism and Correct Citation Methods in Academic Papers. The Journal of the Korean Literature and Information Society, 41, 111.)    There are two types of citation methods: direct quotation, in which the exact words of an author are used, and indirect quotation, in which the ideas of an author are translated into the writer’s own words. Direct quotations must be placed inside double quotation marks (“ ”) to indicate that they are a direct quote fr|om the original author. The extent to which citations are used is also important. Citation styles can differ depending on terminology, concepts, or the length of the cited text. The following is a summary of the different citation methods.      DIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Enclosing a part of an author’s text within direct quotation marks (“ ”)  ·  Using a separate paragraph to insert longer quotes (block quotation)    INDIRECT QUOTATION  ·  Reinterpreting content or sentences to incorporate them within one’s own text without using direct quotation marks       Examples of DIRECT quotations   우리가 무엇인가에 대해 글을 쓰려면 그 쓰려고 하는 대상에 대해 새롭게 의미를 부여하지 않으면 안된다. 사물에 대한 애정 어린 관심과 자세한 관찰을 통해 우리는 그 사물과 새로운 관계를 맺을 수 있다. 이러한 관계 형성과 새로운 인식이 좋을 글을 쓰는 데는 꼭 필요한 것이다. 김춘수 시인은 그의 시 「꽃」에서 “내가 그의 이름을 불러주기 전에는 그는 다만 하나의 몸짓에 지나지 않았다. 내가 그의 이름을 불러 주었을 때 그는 내게로 와서 꽃이 되었다”라고 했다. “다만 하나의 몸짓”에 지나지 않는 사물과 내가 관계를 맺을 때, “그는 나에게로 와서 꽃이 되는”것이다.    ▶ Insert a part of the original text that best encapsulates the point you wish to convey while keeping the direct quote limited to the section that is most pertinent. Retain the exact words of the original text. As a rule, misspellings, typos, and other errors, not to mention the exact terminology, spellings, and punctuation should be faithfully quoted just as they appear in the original text.         Examples of DIRECT quotations    다음은 한국 근대 여성 작가 중의 하나인 박화성의 기행문 <해서기행 (4)>(<조선 일보> 1935년 12월 10일자) 중 일부분이다. 여기에는 자연을 대하는 작가의 태도가 드러나있다.    나는 물에 잠기지 않은 돌을 골라 밟아 시내를 건넙니다. 흘러 오는 물은 내가 뛰고있는 돌에 부딪혀 깨어지며 차디찬 물방울의 진주알이 내 발등에서 부서집니다. 보는 순간 내 발은 자리를 헛디며 맑은 물을 유린하고 말았습니다. 속인의 발이 청계를 더럽힌 죄로 내 구두에는 물이 하나 가득 들었습니다.    그녀는 바닥에 떨어져 쌓여있는 낙엽, 잡목과 잡초의 마른 등걸 따위를 보며 이를 생활 자원으로 활용할 수 없음을 안타까워한 적이 있다. 그러나 이것은 자연을 개척하고 지배하여 인간의 도구로 활용하려는 근대 서구인의 자연관과는 다소 차이가 있다. 이 글에서 그녀가 자연에 대해 취하는 것은 공생의 자세이다. 위 문장은 이를 단적으로 보여 준다. 산속을 흐르는 시내를 건너 다 발이 물에 젖자, 문명인이자 속인인 자신이 자연의 세계를 ‘유린’했다고 표현한다. 시냇물의 입장이 되어 인간을 평가하는 바로 이 지점에서 자연을 대하는 작가의 경건한 마음을 읽을 수 있다.    ▶ If the quote is long, use a separate paragraph to insert as a block quote without the use of quotation marks. A block quote generally refers to two or more sentences that are four lines or longer. Block quotes should be offset fr|om the main text as a separate paragraph and indented further than the main text.         Examples of INDIRECT quotations   알랑은 행복의 조건을 네 가지로 나누어 말한 바가 있다. 첫째, 직업을 위한 전문 지식이 필요 하다. 이는 생명의 유지를 위한 기본 요건이다. 둘째, 한 가지의 외국어를 익히는 일이다. 견문을 넓히고 자기의 말이나 문화를 좀 더 잘 이해하기 위한 바탕이다. 셋째, 한 가지의 스포츠를 익히는 일이다. 건강과 레크레이션을 위해서 갖추어야 할 바이다. 넷째, 하나의 악기를 다루는 일이다. 정서 순화와 취미 생활을 위하여 필요한 것이다. 물론이 조건이 행복을 위한 절대 조건은 아닐 것이다. 그러나 이런 네 가지 조건을 갖추면 우리의 인생을 뜻있고 멋있게 사는 데 확실히 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.    ▶ Indirect citation is used when the scope of the citation is too broad or when giving one's own interpretation and/or summary of the content of the original text. If you are indirectly quoting a text, the author, source, and scope of the quoted content must be clearly indicated. This helps distinguish your own thoughts fr|om those of the author of the original text.

Concepts of Plagiarism Plagiarism is “the act of copying more than three key words (subject + object + predicate) in a sentence without citing the exact source” (compiled by Sang-bok Lee, Easy Sentences, Good Writing, Sechang Media, 2003, p.9). Using vague citations that make it difficult to distinguish one’s writing fr|om another author’s, quoting a significant portion of another person’s words without quotation marks, copying the exact theory or research methodology of another person, reusing the results of past publications by the same author (research team), along with numerous other cases are considered plagiarism.    Plagiarism, which constitutes an utter lack of integrity should be avoided at all costs.  The ‘three principles of academic integrity’ set forth by Charles Lipson in Doing Honest Work In College are as follows.    1. “When you say you did the work yourself, you actually did it.”  1. “When you rely on someone else’s work, you cite it. When you use their words, you quote them openly and accurately, and you cite them, too.”   1. “When you present research materials, you present them fairly and truthfully. That’s true whether the research involves data, documents, or the writings of other scholars.”       College students must exercise academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.  Go through this self-evaluation to gauge your attitude thus far toward writing assignments using the following questions and examples of unethical writing in college.      ·  Where do you usually find materials for writing assignments? Do you rely solely on resources fr|om the internet to complete your assignments?   ·  Did you organize and attach a bibliography and a list of URLs you referenced to your assignment?   ·  Have you ever bought an essay or report off of an internet website for essay writing services?    ·  Have you ever copied a friend's assignment?    ·  Have you ever handed in the same assignment in multiple classes for evaluation?    ·  Have you ever been free rider in collaborative group writing assignments?    ·  Did you know that the concept of plagiarism also applies to assignments in college?       EXAMPLES OF UNETHICAL WRITING IN COLLEGE    Passing off another person’s entire work as your own or free riding  · Submitting in your own name the writings of other people or articles collected fr|om internet websites or other literature  · Submitting a part of a document that has already been published in a book or other types of documents and disguising it as if it were a complete paper in your own words · Listing your name as one of the authors on a final assignment handed in as a team project without having participated in the research process or writing of the assignment to get a free ride   Self-plagiarism and duplicate publications  · Submitting the same article to more than one place · Resubmitting articles after simply changing the composition or sentence structure · Resubmitting articles after simply altering the introduction or conclusion · Combining and submitting two or more articles as one article   Data forgery  · Writing assignments using falsified empirical data · Writing assignments by forging literature or other relevant data   Data modification  · Writing or submitting assignments using modified empirical data · Writing assignments using modified literature or other relevant data  Plagiarism and “patchwork” plagiarism  · Using someone else’s research methodology or key ideas without citing the source or using existing research or unique concepts and/or arguments without appropriate quotation marks or citation · Imitating the syntactical sentence development of another person even if different words and expressions are used, or using the same sentence structure as the original text even if a few words have been altered to change the sentence  · Using information and data (including tables, figures, slides, and computer programs) without citing the source  · Quoting without proper citation, historical, social, or natural facts that are controversial or beyond common sense · Failing to indicate the exact quote taken fr|om another person by enclosing it in quotation marks even if the source is cited · Composing text by copying and pasting to piece together different people’s work for each paragraph   If any part of your work lacks proper quotation marks and/or citation, the entire section, not to mention the plagiarized part will be plagiarized. Even if you have strictly followed citation rules for every single part of your work, piecing together other people’s work is never a desirable option in writing.  —정병기, 「대학생 글쓰기의 부정 행위와 윤리 교육 방안」, 『사고와 표현』창간호, 2008년 11월.