Ethics  Q. How is research writing ethically different fr|om other types of writing?   A. AUTHORSHIP, RESPONSIBILITY, and ACCOUNTABILITY   The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following four criteria: • Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, orinterpretation of data for the work; AND • Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND • Final approval of the version to bepublished; AND • Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.   *Source fr|om : https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html   A. ChatGPT is not an author. • All academic journal publishers agree that ChatGPT or any other AI tool is NOT an author. • Do not put Generative AI LLM as a co-author. • Because AI is not an author, AI cannot hold copyright. • “Recent court cases have established that there is no copyright possible for AI output. The basis for this decision by the US copyright office is the concept of “human authorship.”  • “Most fundamentally, the term ‘author,’ which is used in both the Constitution and the Copyright Act, excludes non-humans.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.copyright.gov/ai/ai_policy_guidance.pdf   B. Text generated by ChatGPT is notacceptable. • To have copyright, a work must be original. • Authors who want to publish in Science must confirm that “the work is original.”  • “For the Science journals,the word “original” is enough to signal that text written by ChatGPT is not acceptable: It is, after all, plagiarized fr|om ChatGPT.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7879   • “Artificial intelligence (AI). Text generatedfr|om AI, machine learning, or similar algorithmic tools cannot be used in papers published in Science journals, nor can the accompanying figures, images, or graphics be the products of such tools, without explicit permission fr|om the editors. In addition, an AI program cannot be an author of a Science journal paper. A violation of this policy constitutes scientific misconduct.”   *Source fr|om : https://www.science.org/content/page/science-journals-editorial-policies   • Where authors use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process, these technologies should only be used to improve readability and language of the work. Applying the technology should be done with human oversight and control and authors should carefully review and edit the result, because AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete orbiased. The authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.   *Source fr|om :https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics   C. Check policies before using LLM. • Check the policy of the specific journalor conference before submitting. • Check the policy of the professor forassignments in a class that you are taking. • Policies are continuously being updated. Make sure to review policies before final submission of an article. 

Useful Tools A. Before learning about useful tools, note the following: 1) When using extensions in chrome and/or edge, • CHECK the number of users; if it is an open source project; and if it is a vendor who follows EU rules or private project; and • NOTE that ChatGPT extensions might interfere with each other.   2) Here is a suggested workflow for revising text with recommended tools • WRITE your own sentences. USE a translation tool if needed but NOT recommended. • DO NOT use chatGPT/Bard to first generate (write) any sentences that you will use in your final article. This goes against journal policies. • First, RUN your text through a free editing tool such as Microsoft Editor or Grammarly for basic errors. • USE the browser extension EditGPT for your first drafts if you want more substantial revision such as improving the flow of the writing. • USE trinka.ai to proofread the final version of your writing before meeting your advisor or submitting to the journal (due to limits on the free version) • DOUBLE-CHECK your expressions in Google Scholar   B. To improve readability, consider the following editing tools • editGPT extension   https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/editgpt/mognjodfeldknhobgbnkoomipkmlnnhk (for more information https://www.editgpt.app/) • Grammarly   https://www.grammarly.com/  • Microsoft Editor   https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/microsoft-editor?activetab=tabs%3afaqheaderregion3 • Writeful   https://www.writefull.com/  • Trinka   https://www.trinka.ai/ *Note : • ChatGPT tends to be too unreliable for correcting grammar and revising text compared to more specialized software. Prompting exactly what you want such as the field and style of writing and number of words is very important. • However, free plans don’t always include sentence level revising and academic style. • Choose tools such as EditGPT, Grammarly, or Trinka that allow you to see the changes made and control the final edit. • Trinka seems better for scientific research writing, but there are limits to how often it can be used in the free version. It is full function but limited so check your final draft.   C. To find more AI tools to assist the research process, consider using the following tools • Semantic Scholar   https://www.semanticscholar.org/ • Scite.ai   https://scite.ai/home • chatpdf.com   https://www.chatpdf.com/